Space Weather

	Space Weather
Sun and Earth	Space Weather	SWCE² on Moon

Below is a checklist of Space Weather on postal items, in two sections.

The Stamps section features all known stamps, postal stationery and other selected philatelic items related to Space Weather. Subsidiary items (FDCs, maxicards, imperforates, "specimen" overprints, proofs, souvenir cards, folders, booklets, philatelic covers, color variations, etc) are all included. Also included are a variety of unofficial items (e.g. locals, cinderellas, illegal stamps, personalized postage, etc). Users can freely decide to accept or reject them for their own collections. Stamps from official postal authorities that have catalog numbers are identified in the Catalog Number column. Items whose catalog numbers are not known are entered as "unknown". The Type of Item column includes some philatelic details about the items.

The Launch Covers section features philatelic launch and event covers for satellite, rocket, and stratospheric balloon items related to Space Weather. In this section there are no catalog numbers to identify the launch and event covers. Rather, they are listed chronologically by cancel date, with a separate column for cancel location, followed by a Type of Item column which includes cachet details and identifies the satellite, rocket, or balloon in question.

In both sections, the Notes on Content column includes information about how the items relate to Space Weather. Text within quotation marks in the Notes refers to text found in the philatelic item. Also in the Notes (or rarely in other columns) are included occasional footnote references for subjects or terms that require more explanation. Those footnotes are found at the bottom of each section.

If readers know of additional information or images, please contact the authors using the e-mail addresses at the bottom of this page.

In this page, "space weather" is defined as the effects of solar energy in its various forms on the space environment, and more particularly the interactions between that energy and the near-Earth (magnetosphere and ionosphere) space environment. Sudden increases in solar activity can create "storms" of radiation and particles in space, which necessarily interact with the near-Earth environment when they reach it. These "storms" are of interest for several reasons:

They can be dangerous to life in space (e.g. astronauts in Earth orbit, or on the way to the Moon or Mars);
They can affect the functioning of satellites, or in extreme cases even damage their components;
They can disrupt radio and communications signals and GPS navigation;
They cause brilliant displays of the aurora, even to middle latitudes where they are not usually seen; and
In extreme cases, they can cause problems in electrical transmission grids, and pipelines, because of electrical currents induced at the ground.

For these reasons, it is important to observe space weather and to attempt to forecast it.

The solar wind, a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun, is a major component of space weather. The magnetosphere of a planet with a well-developed magnetic field, such as the Earth, protects the planet by deflecting the solar wind away from it (although some of the particles become trapped in areas known as the Van Allen radiation belts, and some also penetrate into the ionosphere where they form the aurora). A planet with no magnetic field (and therefore no magnetosphere) would have its atmosphere stripped away by the solar wind.

In the United States, since 1994 the National Space Weather Program (NSWP) has been the agency responsible for space weather services. It is a collaborative organization involving NASA and six other federal agencies. NASA contributes to the NSWP by investigating physical processes in the space environment: from Sun to Earth and to other planets of the solar system and beyond to interstellar space. This is done through remote sensing, in situ spaceflight missions and the development of computer numerical models that simulate the space environment.

The Stamps and Launch Covers sections feature philatelic items that contain one or more of the following Space Weather-related categories, through depictions or text or other references:

The magnetosphere and/or magnetic fields of Earth or other planets
The solar wind and/or its interactions with planetary magnetospheres and/or interplanetary space
The ionosphere or other upper atmospheric layers and/or reference to upper atmospheric propagation of wireless signals
Space weather, the space environment, plasma, solar/magnetic storms, charged particles, cosmic rays, neutrons
Radiation hazards to manned or unmanned spaceflight, space weather hazards to people and technology on Earth or in the atmosphere
Space weather-related observations and forecasts (by satellites, rockets, stratospheric balloons, or other instruments and techniques)
The heliosphere, in a space weather context; items issued for the International Heliospheric Year are found in the authors' IHY page
Solar activity (sunspots, prominences, solar flares⁴, coronal mass ejections⁹, the solar corona), solar observations or solar observatories. Other solar-related items are found in the authors' Solar Effects page
Depictions of Earth's auroras or those of other planets viewed from space, or references to auroras in the general context of space weather or more specifically as part of the missions of scientific satellites, rockets, and balloons. Here is an example of an image of Earth's auroras taken from the ISS, and here is an example of an image of Earth's auroral ring around Antarctica taken by the DE-1 satellite (Explorer-62). Philatelic items depicting Earth's auroras seen from the ground are found in the authors' Auroras page. In this Space Weather page, green highlighting is used to identify postal items depicting auroras seen from space.

In the Stamps section, yellow highlighting is used to identify postal items showing the Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWCE)², most of which are based on a photo of Apollo-11 astronaut Aldrin setting up the experiment. The SWCE was deployed on the Moon during five Apollo missions (Apollo-11, 12, 14, 15, and 16). The goal of the SWCE was to sample and measure the solar wind at a location outside of Earth's magnetosphere. It provided the first accurate measurements of the He, Ne, and Ar isotopic components of the solar wind. The experiment consisted of a sheet of pure metal foil, 1-foot wide and 4.6 feet high, mounted on a pole inserted into the soil of the Moon's surface. The foil was exposed for various amounts of time in the different Apollo missions and was then stowed and returned to Earth for analysis. This photo shows Apollo-11 Astronaut Edwin Aldrin beside the mounted SWCE sheet; this photo shows a close view of the similar SWCE sheet from the Apollo-12 mission; this diagram provides a few details for the deployed sheet. Similarly, blue highlighting is used to identify postal items showing the Solar Wind Spectrometer (SWS)¹⁴.

Some space weather-related research involves making Earth-based measurements of the ionosphere through the use of various types of large antennas or towers. Philatelic items that feature such structures are highlighted in pink in the stamps table below.

The Spaceflight Meteorology Group of the United States forecasts terrestrial weather for spaceflight launches and landings (but at the end of the Space Shuttle program, its operations were significantly scaled back). Since it concentrates on terrestrial weather, philatelic items that refer to it do not belong in this page. Rather, they are found in the National weather services page.

Launch covers (including anniversary-of-launch covers, and launch-related event covers) (farther below)	Other postal items (stamps, souvenir sheets, aerogrammes, postal cards, etc.) (immediately below)
Space weather (satellite-related)	Space weather
Space weather (sub-orbital rocket-related)
Space weather (balloon-related)

Below is a list of Space weather on postal items (stamps, souvenir sheets, aerogrammes, postal cards, etc.).

Country	Catalog Number	Type of Item	Year of Issue	Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Stamps)
Adzharia Republic	Local1	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 4520⁷ (Mi4497), from strip of 5, also partial overprint template	1994/5?	Depiction of magnetosphere (and IK-3/5 type satellite)
Adzharia Republic	Local2	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 5733⁷ (Mi5904), from strip of 5, also partial overprint template
Adzharia Republic	Local3	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 5984 (Mi6177), from strip of 5, also partial overprint template
Adzharia Republic	Local4	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 6067A (Mi252), from strip of 5, also partial overprint template
Afars and Issas	C57 (Mi40)		1980	Ionospheric research tower in Arta, Djibouti
Afars and Issas	C57 ds	Deluxe sheet (C57)
Afars and Issas	C57 fdc1	Stamp and (text) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC
Afars and Issas	C57 fdc2	Stamp and (text) cancel and (Éditions J.F.) cachet on FDC
Ajman	BL328A BL328B	On stamp of SS1 (Mi1221A) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (Mi1221B)	1971	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Ajman State	Mi1268A Mi1268B		1971	In the foreground, Apollo-15 SWS¹⁴ (Solar Wind Spectrometer), based on this photograph of astronaut David Scott deploying the Apollo-15 ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package)
Ajman State	Mi1268B ds	Imperforate deluxe sheet (Mi1268B)	1971
Andorra (French Admin.)	171 sc (Mi197 sc)	Souvenir card	1966	"FR-1's orbital altitude of around 750 km was designed so that the satellite was constantly in the ionosphere, an upper atmospheric layer between 50 and 1000 km that reflects radio waves due to its strong electrical charge" (in French text)
Antigua and Barbuda	1259 (Mi1295)		1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Antigua and Barbuda	1822a (Mi2041)	One of MS6 (1822 (a-f)) (Mi2041-2046)	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin in front of the SWCE²; (see also Sierra Leone 1729a)
Antigua and Barbuda	3014c (Mi4592)	One of MS6 (3014 (2x (a-c))) (BL1)	2008	"Van Allen radiation belt", also depiction of the belts
Antigua and Barbuda	3018 (BL3)	Stamp and in (right) margin of SS1	2008	"Van Allen radiation belt", also depiction of the belts
Argentina	C99 (Mi864)		1965	Solar wind and Van Allen radiation belts
Argentina	C99 fdc	Stamp on FDC
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc1	One of three stamps on FDC
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc2	One of three stamps on FDC (different)
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc3	One of three stamps on FDC (different)
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc4	One of three stamps on FDC (different, pictorial cancel)
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc5	One of three stamps on FDC (same cachet, text cancel)
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc6	One of three stamps on FDC (different)
Argentina	772+C98-C99 fdc7	One of three stamps and cachet on FDC (different), also detail (reproduces the design of C99)
Argentina	772+C98-C99 folder	FDC folder
Argentina	2443 (Mi3136)		2007	Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory
Argentina	2443 fdc	Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC	2007	Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory
Armenia	773 (Mi632)		2007	Solar flares⁴ and a graphic of associated energetic protons during the intense solar storms of 17-24 January 2005; also in the maxicard inset image is a graphic showing the NASA Sunspot Cycle #23 prediction (smooth curves) with the actual observed numbers of sunspots through 2004 (jagged curve)
Armenia	773 maxi	Maxicard, also back	2007
Ascension Island	899a (Mi983)	One of pair (899 (a-b)), or four of MS8 (899c (4x 899 (a-b))) (Mi983-984)	2006	Halley's map (from 1701) of "lines of magnetic variation of the compass"
Australia	None	(Text) cancel and (black typed) cachet on cover	1971	"12th International Conference on Cosmic Rays"; "Cosmic Rays Conference" (in cachet)
Australia	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1973	The observatory makes regular observations of solar phenomena, including flares⁴, sunspots and solar radio bursts
Australia	869 fdc (Mi836 fdc)	(Benham) cachet on FDC	1983	Magnetosphere (ESA-GEOS); (same design as in Equatorial Guinea Mi1266A and Congo Republic Unknown ms 2015)
Australian Antarctic Territory	L8 (Mi8)		1966	Aurora and auroral observation camera
Australian Antarctic Territory	L57 cover (Mi61 cover)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	1984	Solar wind and magnetosphere
Australian Antarctic Territory	None	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	2002	Solar wind and magnetosphere; (see also USA cover 2002)
Australian Antarctic Territory	L172-L176 pack (Mi212-216 pack)	Stamp pack exterior, also interior	2013	"Meteorological and magnetic observations were taken daily" (at the Cape Denison base during the Australasian Antarctic Expedition)
Austria	1219 fdc (Mi1715 fdc)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC, also back	1982	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Austria	None	(Pictorial) cancel and (black printed) cachet on cover	1999	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Barbuda	1099 (Mi1195)	Antigua and Barbuda 1259 overprinted "Bsrbuda Mail"	1990	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Belgium	None	Cinderella	1953	Horseshoe magnet above Earth (symbolizing Earth's magnetic field)
Belgium	824 fdc (Mi1677 fdc)	(Sony Stamp) cachet on FDC	1972	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE² (the drawing is based on this photo)
Belgium	2018 (Mi3330) i2018	From MS10 (2018a (10x 2018)) Imperforate	2004	Sun, sunspots and schematic variations of solar energy output with time
Belgium	2018 fdc1	Stamp and cachet on FDC (Liege cancel)
Belgium	2018 maxi	Maxicard (Liege cancel)
Belgium	2015-2018 fdc	Two of four stamps on FDC (Liege cancel)
Belgium	2015-2018 fd-sheet	Two of four stamps on FD sheet (Brussels cancel)
Belgium	2890e (Mi4903)	One stamp and (upper-right) margin of MS5 (2890 (a-e)) (BL238, Mi4899-4903)	2019	Solar prominence and "space weather" (in French and Dutch text); "The PROBA-2 satellite observes solar activity, including the Sun's impressive solar eruptions" (in French and Dutch text)
Belgium	2890e fdc	Stamp on FDC
Belgium	2890e maxi	Maxicard
Benin	Unknown d (Mi none) Unknown id	One stamp and in (lower) margin of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One stamp and in (lower) margin of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2012	"Concorde¹¹ - 50 years of solar studies for CNES" (in French text of stamp 'd' and depicted in the cachet of the perforated MS4 FDC); also "STEREO [satellites] - solar studies" (in French text in the lower margin)
Benin	Unknown proof	Signed-proof MS4 (a-d)
Benin	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC
Benin	Unknown a-d fdc	One of four stamps on FDC		(As above for stamp 'd')
Benin	Unknown b (Mi none)	One of MS4 (a-d) (different) [known illegal issue]	2012	The Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Benin	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2012
Benin	Unknown b (Mi?)	One of MS4 (a-d)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Benin	Unknown a (Mi?)	Two stamps and in (lower) margin of MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973; also "STEREO [satellite] solar studies" (in French text in lower margin)
Benin	Unknown d (Mi?)	Two stamps and in (lower) margin of MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	"[Hubble] space telescope coronagraph(e)"⁸
Benin	Unknown c (Mi?)	One of MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Benin	Unknown a (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Benin	Unknown c (Mi?)			"Cluster II - ESA - vent solaire"
Benin	Unknown d (Mi?)			"IRIS [satellite] solar studies" (in French text)
Benin	Unknown b (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Benin	Unknown d (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d) (different)		"ESA-NASA SOHO [satellite]" (SOlar Heliospheric Observatory)
Benin	Unknown ms fdc	MS4 and cachet on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Benin	Unknown a-d proof fdc	Two of four proof stamps on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Benin	Unknown a (Mi?)	One of MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Benin	Unknown b (Mi?) Unknown ib	One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2014	Symbolic magnetosphere or aurora and Cluster FM1/FM2/FM3/FM4 launch [failed] (the Cluster satellites were for magnetospheric research)
Benin	Unknown a-d fdc	One of four stamps and cachet on FDC
Benin	Unknown b proof Unknown ib proof	One of MS4 proof (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 proof (a-d)
Benin	Unknown ms proof	Signed-proof MS4 (a-d)
Benin	Unknown ms proof fdc Unknown ims proof fdc	MS4 proof on FDC Imperforate MS4 proof on FDC
Benin	Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss	SS1, blue background [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1, blue background	2018	PSP¹²; schematic depiction of part of the solar magnetic field; also Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹ (in the cachet of the imperf FDC)
Benin	Unknown ss (BL none)	SS1, brown background [known illegal issue]
Benin	Unknown ss fdc Unknown ims fdc	SS1, brown background, on FDC Imperforate SS1, brown background, and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC
Bermuda	777 (Mi762)		1999	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.)	488 fdc (Mi613 fdc)	(?) back of FDC, also front	2014	With his telescope, Galileo "was able to observe the sunspots". He was one of the first people to study sunspots with a telescope.
British Antarctic Territory	85 (Mi87)		1981	Solar wind and magnetosphere
British Antarctic Territory	82-85 fdc	One of four stamps on FDC	1981	Solar wind and magnetosphere
British Antarctic Territory	237 (Mi247)		1996	Antenna array for ionospheric research
British Antarctic Territory	235-238 fdc1	One of four stamps on FDC
British Antarctic Territory	235-238 fdc2	One of four stamps on FDC (different)
British Antarctic Territory	239 (BL3)	In (upper-left) margin of SS1
British Antarctic Territory	239 fdc1	SS1 on FDC
British Antarctic Territory	239 fdc2	SS1 on FDC (different)
British Antarctic Territory	284 (Mi297)		1999	"The electric field associated with the aurora" (measured with an ionospheric antenna array)
British Antarctic Territory	280-284 fdc	One of five stamps on FDC, also insert	1999
British Antarctic Territory	431d (Mi472)	One of MS4 (431 (a-d)) (BL19, Mi469-472)	2011	"Advanced Ionospheric Sounder" (in white text on red wall)
Bulgaria	1462 (Mi1589)		1965	Earth's magnetic field
Bulgaria	1463 (Mi1590)			(artistic) depiction of the solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Bulgaria	1464 (Mi1591)
Bulgaria	1462-1464 fdc	Three stamps on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Burundi	BL499A BL499B	In (lower) margin of MS2 (Mi3480A-3481A) In (lower) margin of imperforate MS2 (Mi3480B-3481B)	2014	"ESA Cluster - studying the interactions between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere" (in French text)
Cambodia	C47 (Mi391) iC47	From MS15 (C47a (15x C47)) From imperforate MS15 (iC47a (15x iC47))	1974	30 June 1973 "solar eclipse seen from the Concorde¹¹" (in French text) with artist's drawing of the solar corona
Cambodia	C47 proof1	Proof (purple)
Cambodia	C47 proof2	Proof (black-brown)
Cambodia	C47 ds (BL48, Mi396B)	Deluxe sheet (C47)
Cambodia	C47b (BL39, Mi396B)	Imperforate SS1 (iC47)
Canada	1442a fdc (Mi1323-1324 fdc)	(Canada Post Corp.) back of FDC, also front	1992	"Alouette-1 provided a wealth of information about the ionosphere"; Canada's space program includes "research into ... cosmic rays, the aurora, [and] magnetic fields"
Canouan (St. Vincent)	Mi139	One of MS4 (Mi136-139)	2010	Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
Cayman Islands	1186 (Mi1305)		2017	"Solar Flares"⁴
Central African Republic	34 fdc (Mi57 fdc)	(Éditions P.J.) cachet on FDC	1964	(probable) ionospheric research antenna used in the International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY); (same design as Gabon 179 FDC, Mali 65 FDC, Mauritania 176 FDC1, and similar to Mauritania 176 stamp)
Central African Republic	848a (BL412) i848a	In (right) margin of SS1 (848) In (right) margin of imperforate SS1 (i848)	1987	"Éruption solaire" and Cluster satellites, whose mission was to study the solar wind
Central African Republic	Mi6998	One of MS4 (Mi6995-6998)	2017	Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
Central African Republic	Mi8698	One of MS4 (Mi8697-8700)	2019	"Luna-1 and the Van Allen belts" (in French text)
Central African Republic	BL1932	In (upper-left) margin of SS1	2019	Depiction of the Van Allen belts
Chad	436 (Mi955A) i436 (Mi955B)	Imperforate	1983	"Study of the magnetosphere" (in French text) and magnetospheric depiction
Chad	436a (BL146)	SS1 (436)
Chad	439b (Mi953-958) i439b	On one of MS6 (434-439) On one of imperforate MS6 (i434-i439)
Chad	Unknown c (Mi none) Unknown ic	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2011	Van Allen radiation belt
Chad	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2011	Van Allen radiation belt
Chad	Unknown c (Mi none) Unknown ic	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2017	Van Allen radiation belt [overprints of Chad 2011 set]
Chad	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2017	Van Allen radiation belt [overprints of Chad 2011 set]
Chad	Unknown ms (Mi none)	In (surrounding) margin of MS4 (a-d)	2012	40th anniversary (in 2013) of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973; Sun and solar flare⁴ (in left margin); solar flare⁴ from Sun eclipsed by the Moon (in right margin)
Chad	Unknown b (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown c (Mi?)			"CNES [satellite] Picard" (making solar observations)
Chad	Unknown d (Mi?)			"ESA-NASA SOHO [satellite]" (SOlar Heliospheric Observatory)
Chad	Unknown a-d proof fdc	Three of four proof stamps and (text in) cachet on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Chad	Unknown (Mi?)		2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown (Mi?)			"Picard" (satellite) observing "solar activity" (in French text)
Chad	Unknown (Mi?)			"Vent solaire" (solar wind); one of the goals of the Cluster satellites was to study the solar wind
Chad	Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia	From MS4 (a-d) (different) From imperforate MS4 (a-d)		40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic			"Picard" (satellite) observing "solar activity" (in French text)
Chad	Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id			"Vent solaire" (solar wind); one of the goals of the Cluster satellites was to study the solar wind
Chad	Unknown proof	Signed-proof MS4 (a-d)		(As above for stamps)
Chad	Unknown fdc	One of four stamps on FDC
Chad	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 and cachet on FDC
Chad	Unknown a (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown b (Mi?)
Chad	Unknown d (Mi?)			Japanese satellite "Solar-B" making solar observations
Chad	Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia	From MS4 (a-d) (different) From imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic			"SDO - Solar Dynamics Observatory" (satellite) making solar observations
Chad	Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id			"Solar Orbiter" (satellite) making solar observations
Chad	Unknown proof	Signed-proof MS4 (a-d)		(As above for stamps)
Chad	Unknown ms fdc1 Unknown ims fdc1	MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 and cachet on FDC
Chad	Unknown a-d fdc2	One of four stamps on FDC
Chad	Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia	From MS4 (a-d) (different) From imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic			"IRIS" (satellite) making solar observations
Chad	Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id			"NASA's STEREO [satellites] - solar studies" (in French text)
Chad	Unknown proof	Signed-proof MS4 (a-d)		(As above for stamps)
Chad	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 and cachet on FDC
Chad	Unknown a-d fdc	One of four stamps and cachet on FDC
Chad	Unknown a (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d) (different)	2013	40th anniversary of the Concorde¹¹ making solar corona observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Chad	Unknown c (Mi?)			Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹ (the massive eruption depicted behind and below the Solar-A satellite)
Chad	Unknown d (Mi?)			The SOHO satellite carried a coronagraph⁸ to observe the solar corona
Chad	Unknown ims fdc	Imperforate MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet (same design as stamp 'c') on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Chad	Unknown a-d proof fdc	Three of four proof stamps on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Chile	1666 (Mi2598)		2019	"Corona solar" (Solar corona, visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
China (People's Republic)	None	(Cyan and red and black printed) cachet on cover, and back	1991	"comprehensive observations of the peak year of solar activity"
China (People's Republic)	None	Back of cover, also front	2004	Zhongshan Antarctic station "geomagnetism observation"
China (People's Republic)	3505a (Mi3764)	One of pair (3505 (a-b)), or four of MS8 (3505c (4x (3505 (a-b)) + 8 labels)), or four of MS8 (3505d (4x (3505 (a-b)) + 8 (different) labels))	2006	Depiction of magnetosphere or the Van Allen radiation belts; also Chinese TC/Doublestar satellite
China (People's Republic)	3505 fdc	Pair on FDC	2006
China (Taiwan)	4539 (Mi4390A)	Also MS4 (4540a (like 4537-4540)) (BL229, Mi4388B-4391B)	2020	Solar corona, visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸
Congo (Democratic Republic)	Unknown ss (BL none)	In (surrounding) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue]	2002	Solar flares⁴
Congo Republic	Unknown fdc	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC	2009	Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹; (also Ulysses satellite)
Congo Republic	Unknown ss (BL none)	On stamp of SS1 [known illegal issue]	2014	"Van Allen radiation belt" (in French text); also depiction of the belts
Congo Republic	Unknown ss fdc	SS1 on FDC
Congo Republic	Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss	In (upper-right) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue] In (upper-right) margin of imperforate SS1		Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
Congo Republic	Unknown ss fdc Unknown iss fdc	SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC		Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
Congo (Republic)	Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims	In (lower) margin of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] In (upper and lower) margins of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2015	Van Allen belts, and reproduction of Equatorial Guinea BL277; (same design as in Australia 869 fdc and Equatorial Guinea Mi1266A)
Congo (Republic)	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC
Congo (Republic)	Unknown ms proof	MS4 proof
Congo Republic	Unknown ss (BL none)	In (lower) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue]	2018	False color image of a solar prominence in UV wavelengths (from the Skylab-3¹⁸ ATM⁵), as in this photo
Cuba	958 (Mi1020)		1965	Earth's magnetic field/magnetosphere under influence of symbolic solar wind
Cuba	960 (Mi1022)
Cuba	961 (Mi1023)
Cuba	963 (Mi1025)
Cuba	958-960 fdc	Two of three stamps on FDC
Cuba	961-963 fdc	Two of three stamps on FDC
Cuba	963a (BL26)	Imperforate SS1 (963)
Cuba	963a fdc	SS1 on FDC
Cuba	963b (BL27)	Imperforate SS1, 963a with changed colors and text
Cuba	963b fdc	Imperforate SS1 on FDC
Cyprus	779-780 fdoi (Mi771-772 fdoi)	(Cyprus Post) FDOI card	1991	"Solar wind"
Cyprus	779-780 folder (Mi771-772 folder)	Folder back, also front	1991	"Solar wind"
Czechoslovakia	1454 (Mi1688)		1967	Symbolic solar wind or other solar space weather effects (in main stamp design); Earth's Van Allen radiation belts (in inset at lower left)
Czechoslovakia	1717 (Mi1971)		1970	Depiction of magnetosphere (and IK-3/5 type satellite)
Djibouti	C207 (Mi420) iC207	Also detail Imperforate	1984	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Djibouti	C208a (BL105) iC208a	On one of MS2 (C207-C208) (Mi420-421) On one of imperforate MS2 (iC207-iC208)	1984	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Djibouti	Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims	Stamp 'a' and (lower) margin of MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] Stamp 'a' and (lower) margin of imperforate MS3 (a-c)	2014	"Van Allen belt" (in French text in stamp 'a'); the belts are also depicted (in stamp 'a' and in the lower margin of MS3)
Djibouti	Unknown proof	Imperforate MS3 proof? (or imperforate MS3 with perforated MS3 colors?)
Djibouti	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS3 on FDC Imperforate MS3 on FDC		(As above for MS3)
Djibouti	Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss	In (lower) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue] In (lower) margin of imperforate SS1		Van Allen radiation belts
Djibouti	Unknown ss fdc Unknown iss fdc	SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC		Van Allen radiation belts
Djibouti	Mi6413	From MS6 (6x Mi6413)	2023	magnetosphere
Dominica	292 (Mi291)		1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Dubai	118c (Mi364)	One of strip of 3 (118 (a-c)) (Mi362-364), or four of MS12 (118d (4x (a-c)))	1969	Apollo-11 SWCE² (at left, in front of lunar module landing gear)
Equatorial Guinea	Mi1266A Mi1266B	Imperforate	1976-1978	Magnetosphere (and ESA-GEOS); (same design as in Australia 869 fdc and Congo Republic Unknown ms 2015)
Equatorial Guinea	Mi1266A fdc	Stamp on FDC
Equatorial Guinea	BL277	Imperforate SS1
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 2nd	Imperforate SS, second printing¹⁰
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 muestra	Imperforate SS1, overprinted "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 fdc	Imperforate SS1 on (airmail) FDC
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p1	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 1st overprint
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p1 muestra	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 1st overprint, overprinted "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p1 fdc	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 1st overprint, on (airmail) FDC
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p2	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 2nd overprint
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p2 muestra	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 2nd overprint, overprinted "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p2 inverted	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 2nd overprint inverted
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p3	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 3rd overprint
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p3 muestra	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 3rd overprint, overprinted "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p3 inverted	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 3rd overprint inverted
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p4	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 4th overprint
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p4 muestra	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 4th overprint, overprinted "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p4 inverted	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 4th overprint inverted
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p5	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 5th overprint
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p5 muestra1	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 5th overprint, overprinted "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p5 muestra2	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 5th overprint, double-overprint "muestra"
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 o/p5 fdc	Imperforate SS1 (BL277) 5th overprint (airmail) FDC
Equatorial Guinea	BL277 cover	Imperforate SS1 on (airmail) cover	1977	Magnetosphere (and ESA-GEOS); (same design as in Australia 869 fdc and Congo Republic Unknown ms 2015)
France	None	(Space Voyage) cachet on cover	1978	"Atmospheric and space physics experiment[s]" (Spacelab-1, flown aboard STS-9, was designed for five broad research areas, two of which were space plasma physics, and astronomy and solar physics)
France	None	Stamp-on-stamp in (lower-right) margin of SS1 cinderella	2010	Movement of charged particles following some of Earth's magnetic field lines in magnetosphere; also aurora (related to those movements) (reproduction of Russia 5060)
Franklin Mint (USA)	None	(Bronze) medallion reverse, also obverse	1970s	"Probing the interaction of the Earth's magnetic field with the solar wind, Hawkeye-1 [Explorer-52] contributes to knowledge of the magnetosphere"
Franklin Mint (USA)	None	(Bronze) medallion reverse, also obverse		Pioneer-5 sent data about "solar flares⁴, radiation particles, energy and magnetic field phenomena"
Franklin Mint (USA)	None	(Silver) medallion reverse, also obverse		Pioneer-5 sent data about "solar flares⁴, radiation particles, energy and magnetic field phenomena"
Franklin Mint (USA)	None	(Bronze) medallion reverse, also obverse		"Study of radiation in space" by SAS-3
Franklin Mint (USA)	None	(Bronze) medallion reverse, also obverse		After their 28 days aboard Skylab, the crew's "health was unimpaired by the record mission" (i.e. they suffered no space weather radiation effects or other physiological effects)
French Guiana	None	(Lollini) cachet on cover	1973	"Record solar eclipse observation time in the supersonic Concorde¹¹ [during the] 30 June 1973 eclipse" (in French text)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	8 (Mi10)		1957	Ionospheric research antenna and towers (part of the research program of the International Geophysical Year (IGY))
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	9 (Mi11)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	10 (Mi12)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C6 (Mi30)		1963	Ionospheric research towers
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	24+C6 fdc1	One of two stamps on FDC (Éditions P.J. green cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	24+C6 fdc2	One of two stamps on FDC (Éditions P.J. blue cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	24+C6 fdc3	One of two stamps on FDC (Éditions J.F. cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C12 (Mi37)		1966	Ionospheric research tower, Adélie Land; (see also FSAT C108 and FSAT 649)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	29 (Mi38) i29	Imperforate	1967	Research rocket for auroral and ionospheric studies
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	29 fdc1	Stamp and (Éditions J.F.) cachet on FDC
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	29 fdc2	Stamp and (Éditions P.J.) cachet on FDC
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	29 fdc3	Stamp and (black rubber-stamp) cachet on (airmail) FDC, also back
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a (Mi96-97)	Two stamps and label in strip of 2 (C40a (C39-C40 + label)) (Mi96-97) from MS10 (C40b (5x (C39-C40 + label)))	1975	Aurora and two Eridan research rockets for "magnetospheric research - Franco-Soviet program ARAKS" (in French text on label). The ARAKS (Artificial Radiation Aurora between Kerguelen and Sogra) experiment was dedicated to auroral studies; (see also Russia 4012 cover 1975 and Mali Unknown c 2018)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a fdc1	Two stamps and label and (pictorial) cancel on FDC (FSAT PO official embossed cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a fdc2	Two stamps and label and pictorial) cancel and (Lollini) cachet on FDC
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a fdc3	Two stamps and label and pictorial) cancel on FDC (Éditions P.J. cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a fdc4	Two stamps and label pictorial) cancel and (Éditions J.F.) cachet on FDC
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a fdc5	Two stamps and label and (Lollini) cachet on FDC
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C40a ds	Deluxe sheet (C40a)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C39 ds	Deluxe sheet (C39)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C39 proof	Signed proof (C39)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	68 cover (Mi112 cover)	(Round rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1977	Observatoire magnétique IPGP²⁰ [at] Dumont d'Urville [base]"
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1982	"1982 - Crozet - 1983 - géomagnétisme"
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C80 sc (Mi190 sc)	Souvenir card (C80)	1984	"The auroras result from a large-scale interaction between Earth's magnetic field and the electrically-charged particles of the solar wind"; "The magnetosphere contains the belts of charged particles that are trapped in Earth's magnetic field"; "The most intense auroras are associated with strong magnetic storms caused by major solar activity" (in French text)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1985	"Amsterdam '85 géomagnétisme"
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C108 (Mi258)		1989	Ionospheric research tower, Adélie Land; (see also FSAT C12 and FSAT 649)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	232 (Mi370)	One of strip of 3 (232a (230-232)) (Mi368-370), or five of MS15 (232b (5x (230-232)); also ionospheric research antenna detail	1997	Ionospheric research antenna
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	232a fdc1	One of strip of 3 on FDC (Éditions J.F. cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	232a fdc2	One of strip of 3 on FDC (? cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	232a fdc3	One of strip of 3 on FDC (? cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	232a fdc4	One of strip of 3 on FDC (? cachet)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C80 cover (Mi190 cover)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	1998	Ionospheric research antenna
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C149 (Mi386)		1998	Ionospheric research antenna
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C149 fdc	Stamp and cachet (reproduction of stamp) on FDC	1998	Ionospheric research antenna
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	C149 cover (Mi386 cover)	Stamp and (rectangular rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1998	Ionospheric research antenna; "Kerguelen - cosmic radiation" (in French text)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	325 (Mi520)	From MS20 (325a (20x 325))	2003	Super Dual Auroral Radar Network ("Super DARN")¹ high-frequency antennas
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	325 proof	Signed proof	2003
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	None	(Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	2009	Magnetosphere under influence of the solar wind; also possible symbolic graphic of magnetic variations observed at Kerguelen Island during a solar storm
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	None	(Black printed) cachet on cover	2016	"Observation of a magnetic storm at Dumont d'Urville" (in French text)
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	551 (Mi935) 551+label		2016	Kerguelen ionospheric research tower (small, in background behind the building); "Bernard Duboys de Lavigerie, 1934 - 2008 - ingénieur recherches ionosphériques"
French Southern and Antarctic Territories	649 (Mi1127)		2021	Ionospheric research tower, Adélie Land; (see also FSAT C12 and FSAT C108); also André Lebeau, who did ionospheric research in Adélie Land in the early 1960s
Fujeira	Mi454A Mi454B	From MS12 (12x Mi454A) From imperforate MS12 (12x Mi454B)	1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Fujeira	BL23A BL23B	On one of MS4 (like-Mi449A+like-Mi452A+Mi454A-455A) On one of imperforate MS4 (like-Mi449B+like-Mi452B+Mi454B-455B)
Fujeira	BL23B pair	BL23B imperforate pair
Fujeira	Mi461A Mi461B	From MS12 (12x Mi461A), Mi454A overprinted in silver From imperforate MS12 (12x Mi461B), Mi454B overprinted in silver	1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Fujeira	BL24A BL24B	On one of MS4 (like-Mi456A+like-Mi459A+Mi461A-462A), BL23A overprinted in silver On one of imperforate MS4 (like-Mi456B+like-Mi459B+Mi461B-462B), BL23B overprinted in silver	1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Fujeira	Mi468A Mi468B	From MS12 (12x Mi468A), Mi454A overprinted in gold From imperforate MS12 (12x Mi468B), Mi454B overprinted in gold	1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Fujeira	BL25A BL25B	On one of MS4 (like-Mi463A+like-Mi466A+Mi468A-469A), BL23A overprinted in gold On one of imperforate MS4 (like-Mi463B+like-Mi466B+Mi468B-469B), BL23B overprinted in gold	1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Gabon	179 fdc (Mi215 fdc)	(Éditions P.J.) cachet on FDC	1965	(probable) ionospheric research antenna used in the International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY); (same design as CAR 34 FDC, Mali 65 FDC, Mauritania 176 FDC1, and similar to Mauritania 176 stamp)
Gabon	Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims	In (upper-left) margin of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] In (upper-left) margin of imperforate MS2 (a-b)	2014	Earth's magnetic field
Gabon	Unknown a (Mi none) Unknown ia	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2015	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Gabon	Unknown proof	Signed-proof MS4		(As above for stamp)
Gabon	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 and cachet on FDC
Gabon	Unknown a-d fdc	One of four stamps on FDC
Gabon	Unknown c (Mi none) Unknown ic	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2017	Upper Van Allen radiation belt and GEOS satellite
Gabon	Unknown proof	Signed-proof MS4		(As above for stamp)
Gabon	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC
Gabon	Unknown a-d fdc	One of four stamps on FDC
Gabon	Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic	One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2017	depiction of magnetosphere (and a Swarm satellite)
Gabon	Unknown ms proof	Signed-proof MS4
Gabon	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC
Gabon	Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims	MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] Imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2019	The African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973; also the Concorde¹¹, which made solar observations during that eclipse; also a CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹ exploding from the Sun
Gabon	Unknown ims fdc	Imperforate MS4 on FDC (multi-color printed cachet)
Gabon	Unknown ms proof	Signed-proof MS4
Gambia	3593 (BL904, Mi7007)	In (lower) margin of SS1	2014	Aurora over Russia seen from space
Gambia	3646a (Mi7123)	From MS4 (MS4 (a-d))	2015	Solar flares⁴ (white spots on Sun, on stamp and in upper-left margin of MS4) and Planet-C satellite
Gambia	3646c (Mi7125)	From MS4 (MS4 (a-d))	2015	"Solar magnetic field" and Planet-C satellite
Germany (East)	747 (BL22, Mi1081)	SS1	1964	Van Allen radiation belts
Germany (East)	747 fdc	SS1 on FDC
Germany (East)	747 card	SS1 on FDC card, also back
Germany (East)	None t	(Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft) cinderella, one of cinderella MS20 (a-t + 5 labels)	1975	Sunspots and solar prominences
Germany (East)	None g	(Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft) cinderella, one of cinderella MS20 (a-t + 5 labels)	1981	Depiction of Earth's magnetosphere under the influence of the solar wind
Germany (East)	None l	(Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft) cinderella, one of cinderella MS20 (a-t + 5 labels)	1983	Einstein Tower solar observatory¹⁶
Germany (East)	None	(Pictorial) cancel on postal card	1989	German amateur astronomer S.H. Schwabe started the first long-term regular study of sunspots in 1826. By 1843, he concluded that there exist periodic rises and falls in the sunspot count, with a period of about 10 years (it is now known that the average period is closer to 11 years).
Germany (East)	None	(Pictorial) cancel and cachet on postal card
Germany (East)	None	(Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card
Germany (East)	2676 cover (Mi3171 cover)	(Pictorial) cancel on cover	1990	Solar wind and magnetosphere
Germany	None (Mi?)	Strip of 2 Bieberpost (private post)	2018	PSP¹²; "A mission to touch the Sun"
Germany	3290 (Mi3680)	In (upper-right) margin of MS10 (3290a (10x 3290))	2022	"Polarlicht": "Aurora: Luminous molecules in Earth's atmosphere that react to electrically charged particles in the solar wind" (in German text)
Ghana	2909a (Mi4745)	One of MS4 (2909 (a-d)) (Mi4745-4748)	2016	"solar wind"
Ghana	2909a proof	One of MS4 (2909 signed-proof (a-d))
Ghana	2909a-d+2910 fdc	One of four stamps on FDC
Ghana	2909 fdc	MS4 on FDC
Great Britain	None	(Pictorial) cancel on cover	1970	Sunspots
Great Britain	1375a+1377a fdc (Mi1337-1340 fdc)	Insert from FDC, also front (Benham cachet, and second cancel for 30th anniv. Gagarin's flight)	1991	"Explorer-1 enabled Dr. Van Allen of the USA to discover that there are two belts of highly active charged particles surrounding the Earth's equatorial regions. Their rapid spiral movements generate a magnetic field which counteracts with Earth's magnetic field so as to toss them from pole to pole indefinitely. These belts represent a serious hazard to man, transistors and other types of equipment sensitive to radiation". They came to be known as the Van Allen radiation belts.
Great Britain	1375 fdc (Mi1338 fdc)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front	1991	Ulysses carried instruments "designed to measure the solar wind, the heliospheric magnetic field, radio bursts and plasma rays, solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays"
Great Britain	1998 fdc (Mi1951 fdc)	(Royal Mail) cachet (and signature) on FDC	2001	Earth's magnetosphere and Van Allen radiation belt
Great Britain	3113 (Mi3366)	From presentation pack (3113-3118) (Mi3366-3371)	2012	"Particles ejected from the solar surface seen by the SOHO satellite"
Great Britain	3113-3118 fdc1	One of six stamps on FDC (Tallents House, Edinburgh cancel, Royal Mail cachet)
Great Britain	3113-3118 fdc2	One of six stamps on FDC (Star Gaerwen, Gwynedd cancel, Royal Mail cachet)
Great Britain	3113-3118 fdc3	One of six stamps on FDC (Sunbeam Way, Birmingham cancel, Royal Mail cachet)
Great Britain	3113-3118 fdc4	One of six stamps on FDC (Picadilly, London cancel, Royal Mail cachet)
Great Britain	3113-3118 fdc5	One of six stamps on FDC (Macclesfield, Cheshire cancel, Cotswold Covers/BPCPA cachet)
Great Britain	3942 (Mi4536)		2020	"Jupiter's auroras are the strongest in the solar system"
Great Britain	3938-3945 fdc	One of eight stamps on FDC
Great Britain	3938-3945 booklet	Pane1 from Prestige Booklet (3938-3945)
Great Britain	3938-3945 pack	Back of Presentation Pack (3938-3945), also front and insert		"Jupiter's Auroras: Like the Earth, the giant planet Jupiter experiences auroras. On both planets, they are produced when charged particles accelerate into the atmosphere, giving off light as they collide with the gas atoms there. Earth's auroras come in visible wavelengths of red and green, but at Jupiter they shine in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum and as X-rays. On Earth, powerful voltages in our magnetic field power the auroras."
Great Britain	3938-3945 booklet	Front of Prestige Booklet (3938-3945), also pane2 and pane2 label	2020	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸); also a solar prominence (at the left)
Great Britain	3938-3945 booklet	Pane3 from Prestige Booklet (3938-3945)	2020	"The launch of Explorer-1, the first US satellite, took place from Cape Canaveral. The satellite carried a Geiger counter to detect radiation in space".
Greece	1716a fdc (Mi1777A-1778A fdc)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC	1991	Earth magnetic field and Van Allen radiation belts
Greece	1716Bd (Mi1777C-1778C)	Booklet outside, also booklet inside with pane of 4 (1715A+1716B)	1991	Earth magnetic field and Van Allen radiation belts
Greece	2392a (Mi2511A)	One of strip of 2 (2392 (a-b)) (Mi2511A-2512A), or 8 of MS16 (8x 2392 (a-b))	2009	Depiction of magnetic field/magnetosphere
Greece	2392 fdc	Strip of 2 and (Hellenic Post) cachet on FDC, also back
Greece	2392d (Mi2511C)	One of strip of 2 (2392f (a-b)) (from booklet) (Mi2511C-2512C); also booklet (MH33)
Greece	2392f fdc	Strip of 2 (from booklet) and cachet on FDC
Greenland	None	(Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1973	"AFCRL⁶ Geopole Observatory" (space weather-related work includes studies of the aurora, ionospheric and magnetic disturbances, and cosmic rays (neutron monitoring))
Greenland	None	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	1992	Solar wind and magnetosphere
Grenada	3698a (Mi6105)	One of MS6 (3698 (a-f)) (Mi6105-6110)	2009	Solar prominence (at upper right) in UV light
Grenada	3701c (Mi6113)	One of MS4 (3701 (a-d)) (Mi6111-6114)	2009	"Saturn aurora"
Grenada Grenadines	1070 (Mi1184)		1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Grenada Carriacou	2920 (Mi5023-5027)	In (center) margin of MS5 (2920 (a-f))	2015	The northern lights occur when "streams of charged particles from the Sun, known as solar winds, react with gases in the upper atmosphere"
Grenada Carriacou	3034 (BL759, Mi5366-5367)	In (upper-left) margin of MS2 (a-b)	2019	SWCE² (just to the right of the LEM)
Guernsey (Great Britain)	449-452 fdc (Mi518-521 fdc)	Insert from FDC, also insert back and front	1991	Sputnik-1 "carried temperature and pressure meters, a magnetometer to measure the magnetic field, and a radiation counter"
Guernsey (Great Britain)	1503b pack (BL94, Mi1737-1740 pack)	Presentation pack front	2019	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Guernsey (Great Britain)	1043 (Mi1242)		2009	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Guernsey (Great Britain)	1044 (Mi1243)		2009	Solar flares⁴
Guinea Republic	1099 (Mi1219A) i1099 (Mi1219B)	Imperforate	1988	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Guinea Republic	1099a (BL317A) i1099a (BL317B)	On stamp of SS1 (1099) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (i1099)	1988	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Guinea Republic	1182Q (Mi1338)	1099 overprinted in silver	1991	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Guinea Republic	Unknown g (Mi none)	One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue]	1998	The Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Guinea Republic	BL1112A BL1112B	In (upper-right) margin of SS1 In (upper-right) margin of imperforate SS1	2006	Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹ (the massive eruption depicted at the upper-right of the Sun)
Guinea Republic	BL1390	On stamp of SS1	2007	Objectives of the International Heliophysical Year included the study of the Sun and the surrounding zone in which the solar wind blows (the heliosphere) (in French text)
Guinea Republic	BL1390 fdc	SS1 and cachet on FDC	2007
Guinea Republic	BL1478	In (upper-left) margin of SS1	2007	After passing Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager-1 continued en route toward the heliopause, where interstellar space "officially" begins (in French text)
Guinea Republic	BL1483	In (upper) margin of SS1	2007	The goals of the Cassini-Huygens mission included making measurements of Saturn's magnetosphere (in French text)
Guinea Republic	BL1483 fdc	SS1 on FDC	2007
Guinea Republic	BL1584A BL1584B	In (upper) margin of SS1 In (upper) margin of imperforate SS1	2008	STS-122/Atlantis brought to the ISS "a solar observatory and a European platform with eight instruments for the study of the space environment" (in French text); the space environment studies included measurements related to space weather
Guinea Republic	Mi12106	One of MS4 (Mi12106-12109)	2016	Aurora seen from the International Space Station (ISS)
Guinea-Bissau	Unknown ss (BL?)	SS1	2023	"Van Allen radiation belts" (in Portuguese text) (in both the stamp and the margin)
Guinea-Bissau	Unknown (Mi?)	Stamp from SS1	2023	(symbolic) depiction of near-Earth plasma in space, in colors around the orbiting "Explorer-1" satellite and the "Juno I" launch rocket
Guyana	2810b (Mi4711)	One of MS6 (2810 (a-f)) (Mi4710-4715)	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Guyana	3503a (Mi6900) i3503a	One of MS6 (3503 (a-f)) (Mi6900-6905) One of imperforate MS6 (i3503 (a-f))	2000	Solar corona
Hong Kong	1714 (Mi1968)	One of strip of 6 (1715a (1710-1715)) (Mi1964-1969)	2015	Sunspots
Hong Kong	1714 maxi	Maxicard
Hong Kong	1713-1714_ms3	On one of MS3 (d-f)
Hong Kong	1713-1715_ms3 fdc1	MS3 on FDC
Hong Kong	1713-1715_ms3 fdc2	MS3 on FDC (different cachet)
Hungary	1217 (Mi1576A)		1959	Solar prominences and sunspots
Hungary	1661 (Mi2103A) i1661 (Mi2103B)	Imperforate	1965	Research rocket and depiction of the Van Allen radiation belts
Hungary	1663 (Mi2105A) i1663 (Mi2105B)	Imperforate		Earth's magnetic field
Hungary	1659+1661+1666-1667 fdc i1659+i1661+i1666-i1667 fdc	One of four stamps on FDC One of four imperforate stamps on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Hungary	1660+1662-1665 fdc i1660+i1662-i1665 fdc	One of five stamps on FDC One of five imperforate stamps on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Hungary	1668 (BL46A, Mi2110) i1668 (BL46B)	On stamp of SS1 On stamp of imperforate SS1		Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Hungary	1668 fdc i1668 fdc	SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC
Hungary	1668 cover (BL46A cover)	SS1 on cover	1965	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
India	2288 (Mi2320)		2008	Sunspots
Indonesia	1927a (Mi2063)	One of MS10 (1927 (a-j) + 5 labels) (Mi2054-2063), or two of MS20 (1927m (2x 1927(a-j)))	2001	Two solar prominences
Indonesia	1927l (BL?)	Two stamps of MS20 (different)	2001	Two solar prominences
Israel	1644 booklet (Mi1871-1876)	Booklet outside, also inside	2006	Solar prominences
Ivory Coast	Unknown d (Mi none) Unknown id	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2011	"ceintures de Van Allen" (Van Allen belts) (in text and depicted)
Ivory Coast	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2011
Ivory Coast	Unknown ss (BL none)	In (upper-right) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue]	2017	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Japan	None	(Pictorial) cancel and (Hitoshi?) cachet on cover	1971	Research rocket for auroral and ionospheric studies
Japan	None	(Pictorial) cancel on cover	1972	Research rocket for auroral and ionospheric studies
Japan	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1977	"I.M.S.¹³" (using research rockets, as part of the Japan Antarctic Research Expedition)
Japan	4186h (Mi8965)	On one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of MS10 (4186 (a-j)) (Mi8958-8967)	2018	Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
Japan	4474s (Mi10750)	On one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of MS25 (4474 (a-y)) (Mi10732-10756)	2021	Solar flares⁴
Korea (North)	4172 (BL505, Mi4501-4504)	In (upper-left) margin of MS4 (4172 (a-d))	2001	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Korea (North)	4868 (BL728)	On stamp 'a' and label1 and in (lower) margin of MS2 (4868 (a-b + 2 labels))	2009	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Korea (North)	4868a envelope	Printed stamp on stamped envelope (with printed perforations?)
Korea (North)	4868c (BL729)	SS1 (4868a)
Korea (North)	4868e proof	Imperforate proof MS6
Liberia	3029 (Mi6613-6618)	In (center) margin of MS6 (a-f)	2015	Aurora seen from space
Libya	1692c (Mi2877)	From MS6 (1692 (a-f)) (Mi2875-2880)	2006	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Libya	1692f (Mi2880)	From MS6 (1692 (a-f)) (Mi2875-2880)	2006
Madagascar	Unknown b (Mi none) Unknown ib	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d)	2011	Solar flares⁴ (white spots on Sun); also CME⁹ from Sun (in left margin of MS4), and CME⁹ from Sun eclipsed by Moon (in right margin of MS4); (same design as in Somalia Unknown ss 2004)
Madagascar	Unknown ms (Mi none)	MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue]	2018	The MMO (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter) will study Mercury's "magnetic field and exosphere as well as the waves and particles in the vicinity of the planet" (in French text)
Madagascar	Unknown ss (BL none)	SS1 [known illegal issue]	2018	"Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter" (MMO)
Madagascar	Unknown b (Mi none)	MS8 (a-h + 2 labels) [known illegal issue]	2019	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Maldive Islands	1358 (Mi1381)		1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin deploying the SWCE² (stamp design based on this photo)
Maldive Islands	2959d (Mi4690)	One of MS4 (2959 (a-d)) (Mi4687-4690)	2008	"Dr. Van Allen and the Van Allen radiation belt"; also depiction of the belts
Maldive Islands	2959 fdc	MS4 on FDC
Maldive Islands	2959a-d fdc	One of four stamps on FDC
Maldive Islands	3495c (Mi6018)	From MS4 (3495 (a-d)) (Mi6016-6019)	2015	Relationship between the electric and magnetic fields (originally from James Clerk Maxwell) and symbolic depiction of the two fields in space, where they are related to space weather
Maldive Islands	3495d (Mi6019)	From MS4 (3495 (a-d)) (Mi6016-6019)		Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
Maldive Islands	3495 fdc	MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC		(As above for stamps); solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹ (in cachet)
Maldive Islands	Mi8898	Stamp from SS1 (BL1437)	2019	"Luna-1 first directly observed the solar wind and measured its strength", but that statement is incorrect. In 1961, Explorer-10, as part of its study of Earth magnetism in cislunar space, provided the first evidence for the existence of the solar wind through its measurement of the "shock wave" generated by a solar flare. In 1962, Mariner-2 provided the first direct measurement of the solar wind in interplanetary space (see Micronesia 344d)
Mali	65 fdc (Mi90 fdc)	(Éditions P.J.) cachet on FDC	1965	(probable) ionospheric research antenna used in the International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY); (same design as CAR 34 FDC, Gabon 179 FDC, Mauritania 176 FDC1, and similar to Mauritania 176 stamp)
Mali	Unknown a (Mi none)	From MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue]	2015	SOHO and EXOSAT making observations of the Sun and the solar corona
Mali	Unknown b (Mi?)	From MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue]
Mali	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet (design like stamp 'a') on FDC
Mali	Unknown a-d fdc	Two of four stamps on FDC
Mali	Unknown c (Mi none)	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue]	2018	Aurora and Eridan research rocket for magnetospheric research in the Franco-Soviet program "ARAKS". The ARAKS (Artificial Radiation Aurora between Kerguelen and Sogra) experiment was dedicated to auroral studies; (see also Russia 4012 cover 1975 and FSAT C40a)
Mali	Unknown ims fdc	Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2018
Mali	Unknown a (Mi none)	One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue]	2018	The Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Mali	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2018
Mali	Unknown a-b (Mi none)	Two of MS4 (a-b) [known illegal issue]	2018	The Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Mali	Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc	MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet (design like stamps) on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC	2018
Mali	Unknown a (Mi none)	From MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue]	2019	"Ceinture de Van Allen"
Mali	Unknown c (Mi?)	From MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue]		"Vent solaire"
Mali	Unknown ms fdc	MS3 on FDC		(As above for stamps)
Manama	Mi313A Mi313B	Two of MS32 (2x (Mi306A-321A)) Two of imperforate MS32 (2x (Mi306B-321B))	1970	"Apollo 11 - Setting Up Solar Wind Sheet"; this refers to the setting up of the SWCE² by Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin
Manama	Mi313 ss	SS1 (Mi313)
Manama	Mi310A_ss+312A-313A_ss+318A_ss fdc	One of four SS1 on FDC
Manama	Mi1093A Mi1093B	One of strip of 3 (Mi1091A-1093A) One of imperforate strip of 3 (Mi1091B-1093B)	1972	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Mauritania	176 (Mi231) i176	Imperforate	1964	(probable) ionospheric research antenna used in the International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY); (FDC1 cachet has same design as CAR 34 FDC, Gabon 179 FDC, and Mali 65 FDC cachets; stamp has a similar design)
Mauritania	176 ds	Deluxe sheet (176)
Mauritania	176 fdc1	Stamp and (Éditions P.J.) cachet on FDC
Mauritania	176 fdc2	Stamp on FDC (Éditions J.F. cachet)
Mauritania	176 fdc3	Stamp and (Éditions So.Ge.Im.) cachet on FDC
Mauritania	C134 (Mi457) iC134	Imperforate	1973	Observation of the solar corona and other phenomena during the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973 by an Aerobee-170 research rocket and the instrumented Concorde¹¹
Mauritania	C134 ds	Deluxe sheet (C134)
Mauritania	C134 var	C134 with slight color variation
Mauritania	C133-C135 fdc	One of three stamps and (multi-color printed) cachet (design like stamp) on FDC
Mauritania	C135a (BL11) iC135a	MS3 (C133-C135) (Mi459-461) Imperforate MS3 (iC133-iC135)
Mauritania	527 (Mi782)		1983	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Mauritania	527 ds	Deluxe sheet (527)	1983	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Mauritius	483b (Mi478)	One of booklet pane of 3 (483d (483 (a-c))) (Mi477-479), or three of booklet pane of 6 (483e (2x (483 (a-c))))	1979	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Mauritius	483	Front (p00) of booklet of 9, also p01, p02, p03, p04, p05, p06, p07, p08, p09, p10, and p11/back	1979	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Micronesia	344d (Mi724)	One of MS20 (344 (a-t)) (Mi721-740)	1999	"First scientific interplanetary space discovery: observation of solar wind / Mariner-2 1962"
Mongolia	374 (Mi380)		1965	Earth's magnetic field
Mongolia	371+373-374+C6 fdc1	One of four stamps on FDC
Mongolia	371+373-374+C6 fdc2	One of four stamps on FDC (no cancel)
Mongolia	C89 (Mi1087)		1977	Solar wind and magnetosphere
Montserrat	728 (Mi759)		1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Montserrat	728 specimen	Overprinted "specimen"	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Montserrat	849 (Mi906)	728 overprinted in red	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Montserrat	849 pair	Gutter-pair (2x 849)	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Montserrat	1200 (Mi1408-1411)	On one stamp and in (right) margin of MS4 (1200 (a-d))	2008	Aurora seen from space
Montserrat	1200 fdc1	MS4 on FDC (Plymouth cancel)
Montserrat	1200 fdc2	MS4 on FDC (Brades cancel)
Mozambique	2708e (Mi6185)	One of MS6 (2708 (a-f)) (Mi6181-6186)	2012	"Scientists studying how the ionosphere affects radio transmissions in northern Canada" (in Portuguese text); also Alouette-1
Mozambique	2708 fdc	MS6 on FDC	2012
Nevis	1545a (Mi2308)	One of MS4 (1545 (a-d)) (Mi2308-2311)	2008	Solar wind and magnetosphere; also "Van Allen radiation belt(s)" in red
Nevis	1545 fdc	MS4 on FDC	2008
Nevis	1822 (BL352)	SS1	2014	"Aurora Borealis is a spectacular natural light show caused by visible magnetospheric charged particles of the upper atmosphere"
Nevis	1987b (Mi3394)	One of MS4 (1987 (a-d)) (Mi3393-3396)	2019	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Niger	843B (Mi1143A) i843B (Mi1143B)	Imperforate	1991	Aurora and Japanese satellite EXOS-D (whose mission was the "observation of the Aurora Borealis")
Niger	843Bc (BL78A) i843Bc (BL78B)	On stamp of SS1 (843B) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (i843B)
Niger	843A-843B+843F_ms3 i843A-i843B+i843F_ms3	On one of MS3 (843A-843B+843F) On one of imperforate MS3 (i843A-i843B+i843F)
Niger	969 (BL102) i969	In (right) margin of SS1 In (right) margin of imperforate SS1	1997	Auroral ring (region of maximum auroral activity), in green at the top of the globe
Niger	970 (BL103) i970	In (left) margin of SS1 In (left) margin of imperforate SS1
Niger	970a (BL104) i970a	In (center) margin of MS2 (969-970) In (center) margin of imperforate MS2 (i969-i970)
Niger	Mi6060-6063_ms4	MS4 (Mi6060-6063)	2018	PSP¹²; "to study the solar corona (in French text, stamp 'b'); in 1958, "Eugene Parker proposed the concept of the solar wind" (in French text, stamp 'd')
Niger	BL914	SS1	2018	PSP¹²; "Eugene Parker"
Niue	668a (Mi842)	One of strip of 3 (668 (a-c)) (Mi842-844), or six of MS18 (668d (6x (668 (a-c))))	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Niue	988_var (Mi1318)	One of MS4 (989a var (986-989)) (BL194, Mi1316-1319), also MS4 (989a (with different stamp 988))	2019	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²)
Niue	986-989_var fdc	One of four stamps on (un-canceled) FDC
Niue	989a_var fdc	MS4 on (un-canceled) FDC
Norway	None	(Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1971	Tromso Auroral Observatory
Norway	990 (Mi1063)		1991	Aurora and research rocket for auroral and ionospheric studies
Norway	989-990 fdc	One of two stamps on FDC	1991
Norway	1318-1319 fdc (Mi1413-1414 fdc)	(Pictorial) cancel on FDC	2001	Diagram of Earth's magnetic field/magnetosphere
Norway	1584 (Mi1686)	One of MS2 (1585a (1584-1585))	2009	Solar prominence
Pakistan	1150 (Mi1378)	From MS16 (1150a (16x 1150))	2011	"50 Years of Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research" (including "Space Weather Monitoring", "Geomagnetic Field Monitoring" and "Ionospheric Science" (as in leaflet text))
Pakistan	1150 fdc	Stamp and (text) cancel and (Pakistan Post) cachet on FDC, also back
Pakistan	1150 leaflet	FDC leaflet, also back
Pakistan	1150 folder	FDC folder
Pakistan	1150 cover (Mi1378 cover)	Stamp and cachet on cover	2011	"50 Years of Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research" (including Space Weather Monitoring, Geomagnetic Field Monitoring and Ionospheric Science)
Palau	501e (Mi1460)	From MS6 (501 (a-f)) (Mi1456-1461)	1999	The Mars Surveyor 2001 Orbiter (later renamed Mars Odyssey) made measurements of the radiation environment around Mars
Palau	501f (Mi1461)	From MS6 (501 (a-f)) (Mi1456-1461)	1999	The Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander mission plan included measurements of radiation at Mars surface, but the mission was later canceled.
Palau	528 (BL99)	SS1	1999	Saturn's aurora in ultraviolet light (not "infrared" as in the stamp text) photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer
Paraguay	C779 (Mi4331)	From MS8 (4x (C779-C780 + label))	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Penrhyn Islands	376 (Mi502)		1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Portugal	3655 (Mi3989)		2014	Aurora and geomagnetic studies at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Coimbra
Ras Al Khaima	Mi434A Mi434B	One of strip of 3 (Mi434A+440A+446A) One of imperforate strip of 3 (Mi434B+440B+446B)	1970	Apollo-12 astronaut setting up the SWCE²
Ras Al Khaima	Mi434A+440A+446A_strip3 fdc	Strip of 3 on FDC
Ras Al Khaima	Mi434 ds1	Deluxe sheet (Mi434), blue-grey border
Ras Al Khaima	Mi434 ds2	Deluxe sheet (Mi434), white border
Ras Al Khaima	Mi434_ds fdc	Deluxe sheet on FDC
Romania	C119 cover (Mi2086 cover)	Stamp-on-stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover	1988	"Studied the terrestrial atmosphere, the magnetosphere and the solar wind" (in Romanian text)
Russia (USSR)	2089 (Mi2105)		1958	Aurora and S-180 auroral observation camera used during the International Geophysical Year (IGY)
Russia (USSR)	2089-2091 fdc	One of three stamps on FDC	1958
Russia (USSR)	2089 cover (Mi2105 cover)	Stamp on cover	1958	Aurora and S-180 auroral observation camera used during the International Geophysical Year (IGY)
Russia (USSR)	2495 (Mi2500)		1961	Research rocket for auroral and ionospheric studies
Russia (USSR)	2986 (Mi3006)		1964	Galileo and sunspots
Russia (USSR)	4070 (Mi4108)		1973	Depiction of magnetosphere
Russia (USSR)	4070 fdc	Stamp and (red-brown and blue-grey printed) cachet on FDC
Russia (USSR)	4070 fdc2	Stamp and (red-brown and blue-grey printed) cachet (and signature) on FDC
Russia (USSR)	4012 cover (Mi4045 cover)	(Multi-color printed and black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1975	Aurora and "ARAKS 1975" (in Cyrillic text in the cancel); The ARAKS (Artificial Radiation Aurora between Kerguelen and Sogra) experiment was dedicated to auroral studies; (see also FSAT C40a and Mali Unknown c 2018)
Russia (USSR)	4593 fdc (Mi4652 fdc)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front	1977	Venera-9 and Venera-10 "orbiter sections circled the planet [Venus], relaying information on magnetic fields, solar winds and other phenomena back to Earth"
Russia (USSR)	4666 (Mi4730)	From MS36 (4666a (36x 4666))	1978	"Space Meteorology" (in Cyrillic text); also upper atmospheric research rockets and Meteor satellite
Russia (USSR)	4666 fdc1	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC, also back
Russia (USSR)	4666 fdc2	Stamp on FDC (Fleetwood cachet)
Russia (USSR)	4666 pin	Reproduction of stamp as metal pin
Russia (USSR)	4668 (Mi4733)	From MS36 (4668a (36x 4668))		"Space biology and medicine" (in Cyrillic text); space weather effects are an integral part of those disciplines
Russia (USSR)	4668 fdc	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC, also back
Russia (USSR)	4919a+label (Mi5049-5050+label)	Label from pair (4919 (a-b)), or from MS20 (4919b (10x 4919 (a-b) + 5 labels)), also detail	1981	Earth's magnetic field
Russia (USSR)	5060 (Mi5191)	From MS8 (5060a (8x 5060))	1982	Movement of charged particles following some of Earth's magnetic field lines in magnetosphere; also aurora (related to those movements) and upper atmospheric research rocket
Russia (USSR)	5061 (Mi5192)	From MS8 (5061a (8x 5061))	1982	Symbolic solar wind (the arrows) and magnetosphere (the light blue arcs above Earth)
Russia (USSR)	5241 (Mi5371)		1984	"Space Meteorology" (in Cyrillic text) and M-100 upper atmospheric research rocket
Russia (USSR)	None	(Green rubber-stamp) cachet on stamped envelope	1987	Mir "HEXE (High Energy X-Ray Experiment)"
Russia (USSR)	None	(Pictorial) cancel and cachet on stamped envelope	1990	Solar wind and magnetosphere; 50th anniv. IZMIRAN (Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation)
Russia (USSR)	None	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	2015	"Conference on Radiation Effects on Components and Systems"; depiction of coronal mass ejection (CME)⁹ and shock wave impacting Earth's magnetosphere
Rwanda	956 (Mi1032)		1980	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Rwanda	Unknown c-d (Mi none)	Two of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue]	2012	Solar CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections)⁹ (the massive eruptions depicted on the left and right sides of the Sun); Picard and Solar Orbiter are solar observation satellites
Sacha Republic	Local1 (800val)	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 5984 (Mi6177), from strip of 5	1994/5?	Depiction of magnetosphere (and IK-3/5 type satellite)
Sacha Republic	Local2 (800val)	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 5987 (Mi6180), from strip of 5
Sacha Republic	Local3 (800val)	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 6060 (Mi231), from strip of 5
Sacha Republic	Local4 (800val)	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 6066A (Mi262), from strip of 5
Sacha Republic	Local5 (800val)	Czechoslovakia 1717 overprinted on 4x Russia 6067 (Mi251), from strip of 5
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	580 (Mi648)		1980	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	580 maxi	Maxicard	1980	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown (Mi?)	One of MS3 (a-c)	2004	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown fdc	One of three stamps and (multi-color printed) cachet (design like stamp) on FDC
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ms (Mi?)	MS9 (a-i), which contains three of the same stamps as MS3
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ms fdc	MS9 on FDC
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ia (Mi?)	One of imperforate MS3 (a-c)	2006	The Concorde¹¹ making solar observations in the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ims fdc	Imperforate MS3 and cachet on FDC	2006
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ms (Mi?)	In (left) margin and in (lower-left) margin of MS9	2006	Auroral ring (in left margin), and "Solar Max[imum] Sun-Earth connections" with a symbolic Earth magnetotail (in lower-left margin)³
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ms fdc	MS9 on FDC
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ims fdc1	Imperforate MS9 on FDC
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	Unknown ims fdc2	Imperforate MS9 on FDC (different)
St. Thomas and Prince Islands	BL1622	In (left) margin of SS1 (Mi8901)	2020	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
St. Vincent	1207a (Mi1311) i1207a	One of strip of 4 (1207 (a-d)) (Mi1311-1314) One of imperforate strip of 4 (i1207 (a-d))	1989	"Buzz Aldrin conducting solar wind experiments" with the SWCE²
St. Vincent	2080f (Mi2966)	One of MS9 (2080 (a-i)) (Mi2961-2969)	1994	"Explorer-1 and Van Allen belts"; also depiction of the belts
St. Vincent	2080 fdc	MS9 on FDC
St. Vincent	2080f specimen	One of MS9 (2080 overprinted "specimen" (a-i))
Sharjah	BL53	In lower-center panel of imperforate SS1, also detail	1969	SWCE² (in background)
Sharjah	BL53 fdc	Imperforate SS1 on FDC	1969	SWCE² (in background)
Sharjah	Mi990A Mi990B	Imperforate	1972	Potential hazards for Apollo astronauts on the Moon, including space weather effects: "solar particles", "cosmic rays", "ultraviolet rays", "X-rays" and "gamma rays" (in French text); the stamp design is based on this illustration from Arthur C. Clarke's 1966 book "Man and Space" (part of the Time-Life Books Life Science Library)
Sharjah	Mi990 ds	Imperforate deluxe sheet (Mi990B)	1972
Sierra Leone	1070g (Mi1236)	One of MS9 (1070 (a-i)) (Mi1230-1238)	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Sierra Leone	1070g specimen	One of MS9 (1070 specimen (a-i))	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Sierra Leone	1729a (Mi2158)	From MS6 (1729 (a-f)) (Mi2158-2163)	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut "Aldrin gathering soil samples" with the SWCE² nearby; (see also Antigua and Barbuda 1822a)
Sierra Leone	1729b (Mi2159)	From MS6 (1729 (a-f)) (Mi2158-2163)	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Sierra Leone	2933c (Mi5130)	From MS4 (2933 (a-d)) (Mi5128-5131)	2009	"Solar eruption" (in this case a solar prominence)
Sierra Leone	2933d (Mi5131)	From MS4 (2933 (a-d)) (Mi5128-5131)	2009	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
Sierra Leone	5108 (Mi10589-10592)	MS4 (5108 (a-d))	2018	PSP¹²; "to probe the outer corona of the Sun"
Sierra Leone	5126 (BL1624, Mi10593)	SS1	2018	PSP¹²; "honoring physicist Eugene Parker"
Sierra Leone	Mi11731	One of MS4 (Mi11731-11734)	2019	(artistic) magnetosphere
Sierra Leone	BL1846	SS1	2019	(artistic) magnetosphere
Sierra Leone	Mi12071	One of MS5 (Mi12071-12075)	2020	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Sierra Leone	BL1903	In (upper-left) margin of MS2 (Mi12074-12075)	2020	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Sierra Leone	Mi13499	One of MS4 (Mi13497-13500)	2022	"cosmic ray [and] plasma" detectors and "high-field magnetometer [and] low-field magnetometer"
Sierra Leone	BL2214	In (right) margin of SS1 (Mi13502)	2022
Sierra Leone	Unknown ss (BL?)	In (right) margin of SS1	2023	symbolic magnetosphere around Earth
Sierra Leone	Unknown (Mi?)	Stamp from SS1	2023	Earth's magnetosphere
Somalia	Unknown ss (BL?)	In (left) margin of SS1	1996	Artist's depiction of solar prominences
Somalia	Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss	In (left) margin of SS1 In (left) margin of imperforate SS1	2004	CME⁹ from Sun eclipsed by Moon (in left margin of MS4) (same design as in Madagascar Unknown ms 2011)
South Africa	None	(Magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1976	(Ground-based) "neutron research⁵" (includes measurements of GLEs¹⁵) project (originated by Potchefstroom Campus of North West University, RSA)
South Africa	None	(Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1980	(Ground-based) "neutron research⁵" (includes measurements of GLEs¹⁵) project (originated by Potchefstroom Campus of North West University, RSA)
South Africa	None	(Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1982	(Ground-based) "neutron research⁵" (includes measurements of GLEs¹⁵) project (originated by Potchefstroom Campus of North West University, RSA)
South Africa	None	(Purple and magenta) cachet on cover	1983	Neutron research⁵ and South Atlantic ionospheric research
Sweden	857 (Mi680)	One of strip of 5 (857b (853-857)) (Mi676-680), and from booklet pane of 10 (857c (2x (853-857)), or complete booklet (857a) (MH25)	1970	Launch of research rocket for auroral studies; "The [ESRO] sounding rocket programme comprises studies of auroral particles, polar cap absorptions and galactic X-rays" (in 853 FDC text); also in booklet and 853-857 FDC1 insert text: "North Magnetic Pole attracts showers of charged particles emanating from solar flares⁴, which collide spectacularly with the Earth's atmosphere" (and in doing so, form the aurora). "Hither come both Swedish and European aerospace research teams to shoot their rocket probes into the flaming auroral skies".
Sweden	853-857 fdc1	One of five stamps on FDC, also insert
Sweden	853-857 fdc2	One of five stamps and (pictorial) cancel on FDC
Sweden	853 fdc	(Pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC
Sweden	1514 (Mi1305)		1984	Aurora and Viking satellite (its mission was to study the charged particles that cause the Aurora Borealis)
Sweden	1514 maxi	Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on maxicard
Sweden	1515 (Mi1306)			Aurora and launch of research rocket for auroral studies
Sweden	1515 maxi	Maxicard		Aurora and launch of research rocket for auroral studies
Sweden	1514-1515 fdc1	Two stamps on FDC, also insert		(As above for stamps); The Viking satellite's mission was "the study of the Aurora Borealis" (in French text in the FDC2 cachet); it made "measurements in the part of the magnetosphere that lies between 4000 and 15,000 km over the surface of the Earth. The charged particles that cause [the] Aurora Borealis will be studied" (in text in the FDC1 insert)
Sweden	1514-1515 fdc2	Two stamps and cachet on FDC
Sweden	None	(Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on postal card	1986	"EISCAT¹⁷ Scientific Association"
Sweden	1892 (Mi1664)	One of booklet pane of 3 (1893a (1891-1893)), with booklet front, and booklet interior (1893b (2x 1893a)) (MH159, Mi1663-1665); also full booklet (1893c)	1991	Freja satellite and stratospheric balloon for ionospheric and auroral research; "the first Swedish research satellite Viking, ... increased our knowledge of the Northern Lights" (in folder text)
Sweden	1893a fdc	One of booklet pane of 3 on FDC
Sweden	1893a folder inside	Inside of folder (2x (1893a (1891-1893)))
Sweden	1893a black	Blackprint
Sweden	i1893a trial	Imperforate trial color printing on white paper
Switzerland	None	Postcard back, also front	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Switzerland	KM-unknown	20 francs (silver coin), also obverse	2019	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Tahiti	None	(Magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1994	Taravao ionospheric station
Tanzania	502 (Mi588A) i502 (Mi558B)	Imperforate	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Tanzania	499-500+502+505 fdc	One of four stamps on FDC (red and black printed cachet)	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Tanzania	1248d (Mi1943)	One of MS9 (1248 (a-i)) (Mi1940-1948)	1994	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Togo	C400 (Mi1396)		1979	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Togo	C401a (BL148)	On one of MS2 (C401a (C400-C401))	1979	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Togo	Mi4858	One stamp and in (left and lower) margins of MS4 (Mi4856-4859)	2013	The "Concorde¹¹, transformed into a flying observatory" (in French text in the margin) observing the solar corona during the African total solar eclipse of 30 June 1973
Togo	Unknown d (Mi?)	One of MS4 (a-d)	2019	"Buzz Aldrin déploie le capteur de particules du vent solaire" ("Buzz Aldrin deploys the SWCE²")
Togo	Unknown c (Mi?)	One of MS3 (a-c)	2023	"Ceinture de Van Allen" (Van Allen radiation belt)
Togo	Unknown ss (BL?)	In (lower-right) margin of SS1	2023	"Ceinture de Van Allen" (Van Allen radiation belt)
Tokelau	507 (Mi577)	One of MS4 (508a (505-508)) (BL75, Mi575-578), also annotated	2019	SWCE² (in the background, to the right of the LEM); stamp design based on this photo)
Turkey	B159 (Mi2428)		1977	Earth's magnetosphere (outlined by some magnetic field lines)
Turkey	B158-B159 fdc1	One of two stamps on FDC (Turkey PTT cachet)
Turkey	B158-B159 fdc2	One of two stamps on FDC (Éditions J.F. cachet)
Turks and Caicos Islands	778f (Mi860)	One of MS6 (778 (a-f)) (Mi855-860)	1989	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Turks and Caicos Islands	789c (Mi874)	One of MS5 (789 (a-e)) (Mi871-875)	1990	Apollo-11 SWCE² (in left background)
Turks and Caicos Islands	1125 (Mi1205)		1995	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Uganda	1484A (Mi1855-1862)	In (lower) margin of MS8 (1484A (b-i))	1997	Voyager-1 "braved the intense Jovian radiation belts"
Umm Al Qiwain	Mi862A Mi862B	One of MS28 (Mi859A-886A) One of imperforate MS28 (Mi859B-886B)	1972	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Union Island (St. Vincent)	Mi470-475_ms6	In (lower-left) margin of MS6 (Mi470-475)	1972	SWCE²
United Nations	947 (BL27)	In (right) margin of SS1	2007	Multiple CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections)⁹ and solar flares⁴
United Nations	947a (BL27_I)	In (right) margin of SS1, overprinted	2007	Multiple CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections)⁹ and solar flares⁴
United Nations	1344_stamp (Mi?)	Stamp from SS1 (1344)	2024	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
United Nations (Vienna)	624 (Mi1018)	From MS20 (624a (20x 624))	2018	"Aurora Australis seen from the ISS" (in German text)
United Nations (Vienna)	623-624 fdc	One of two stamps on FDC	2018	"Aurora Australis seen from the ISS" (in German text)
United States	1088 (Mi710)		1957	Responsibilities of the US "Coast and Geodetic Survey" include the study of "geo-magnetism"
United States	1088 fdc1	Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC (small font, 4-line cancel), also insert
United States	1088 fdc2	Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC (large font, 3-line cancel), also insert
United States	1107 (Mi727)	From MS50 (1107a (50x 1107))	1958	Solar eruptions, possibly CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections)⁹ [numerous 1107 derivative items can be found on the IGY page]
United States	1107 sc/fdc (Mi727 sc/fdc)	FDC with (Fleetwood) cachet on (PCS) souvenir card	1958	The IGY coincided with "a period of especially intense solar activity" and one of its goals was to study "many subjects affected by sunspots and other solar disturbances"
United States	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1967	"Stanford University Antarctic Magnetospace Observatory"
United States	None	(ESSA-SDL blue rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1969	"ESSA Space Disturbance Laboratory, Space Disturbance Forecast Services"; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States	UX57 fdc	(Riser/Andromeda Space Covers) cachet on postal card FDC	1970	"providing up-to-the-minute space environmental data for Apollo astronauts"
United States	UX57 fdc 1371 cover	(Riser/Andromeda Space Covers) cachet on postal card FDC	1970
United States	1435b fdc1 (Mi1046-1047 fdc1)	(Hammond) cachet on FDC card (Houston TX cancel)	1971	"solar winds" (one of many subjects studied by the Apollo-15 mission)
United States	1435b fdc2 (Mi1046-1047 fdc2)	(Hammond) cachet (different) on FDC card (Kennedy Space Center FL cancel)	1971
United States	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1973	"Thule Super Neutron Monitor"⁵
United States	1529 fdc (Mi1136 fdc)	(C. Stephen Anderson) cachet on cover	1974	One of Skylab's missions was to study "solar phenomena"
United States	SP348	(USPS) souvenir page (1529)	1974	The Skylab mission "was to increase Man's knowledge of Earth and the Sun"
United States	1556 fdc1 (Mi1164 fdc1)	(Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back	1975	Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11 made measurements of Jupiter's "magnetic field [and] radiation belts"
United States	1556 fdc2 (Mi1164 fdc2)	(Fleetwood) cachet (and signatures) on FDC, also back
United States	1556 fdc3 (Mi1164 fdc3)	(The Century Club, University of Louisville) insert (inside) from FDC, also insert (front and back) and front		Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11 relayed "valuable information about ... [Jupiter's] intense radiation belts"
United States	1556 fdc4 (Mi1164 fdc4)	(Cover Craft Cachets) insert from FDC, also front		The Pioneer spacecraft relayed "valuable information about [Jupiter's] intense radiation belts"
United States	1556 fdc5 (Mi1164 fdc5)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front		Pioneer-10 and 11 observed Jupiter's "weather patterns, atmosphere and hostile radiation belts"
United States	SP360	(USPS) souvenir page (1556)		"Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11 provided valuable information about Jupiter's "weather patterns, atmosphere and radiation belts"
United States	1557 fdc1 (Mi1170 fdc1)	(JPL Stamp Club) insert (yellow) from FDC, also insert back (yellow), or insert (white), and cover front	1975	"Charged particle telescope"; "Magnetometers"; "Plasma science expt"; "The spacecraft also detected a magnetic field at Mercury - a highly significant, though unexpected, discovery".
United States	1557 fdc2 (Mi1170 fdc2)	(Postmasters of America, commemorative issue no.8) insert from FDC, also front, and back	1975	"Passing within 3,600 miles of the cloud-shrouded planet in February 1974, Mariner-10's high-resolution cameras radioed back man's first close-up pictures of Venus"
United States	1724a fdc (Mi1315-1316 fdc)	(Artmaster) cachet on FDC	1977	Solar prominences
United States	1759 fdc (Mi1356 fdc)	(Space Voyage) cachet on FDC (Hampton VA cancel)	1978	"SPHINX¹⁵ satellite"
United States	1759 cover1 (Mi1356 cover1)	(British Caledonian Airways) cachet on cover, also insert	1979	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE² (at right in the cachet)
United States	1759 cover2 (Mi1356 cover2)	(British Caledonian Airways) cachet (and signature) on cover, also insert
United States	1759 cover3 (Mi1356 cover3)	(British Caledonian Airways) cachet (and signature, different) on cover, also insert
United States	1912 fdc (Mi1481 fdc)	(PCS golden-replica) insert from FDC, also front	1981	"An aluminum foil screen was erected to capture particles of the solar wind shot out by the Sun". This experiment was known as the SWCE²
United States	1912+1915-1916+1919 fdc (Mi1481+1484-1485+1488 fdc1)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front (5-line cancel)		"the forces of the Sun clash with those of ... Jupiter's great magnetosphere"; the interaction of the "solar wind" with Jupiter's "bow shock" (the leading edge of the magnetosphere)
United States	1912+1915-1916+1919 fdc (Mi1481+1484-1485+1488 fdc22)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front (4-line cancel)
United States	1915 (Mi1484)	One of block of 8 (1919a (1912-1919)) (Mi1481-1488), or six of MS48 (1919b (6x 1919a))	1981	"Understanding the Sun" (Skylab made space-weather-related solar observations using the ATM⁵); "Skylab's prime mission was solar study" (in folder text); also depiction of "solar corona taken by a coronagraph⁸/polarimeter" (in folder); also, in the insert from 1915 FDC1: "The Solar Maximum Mission pictured on this stamp [but Skylab, not SMM, is depicted in USA 1915] was launched in 1980 to coincide with a period of enormously powerful solar eruptions"; (see also sets of 1912-1919 FDCs and 1919a items)
United States	1915 fdc1	Stamp and (PCS golden-replica) cachet from FDC, also insert
United States	1915 fdc3	Stamp and (Zaso silk/IASP no.32) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc4	Stamp and (R&R/Colorano silk) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc6	Stamp and (DRC Cachets) cachet on FDC, also back
United States	1915 fdc8	Stamp and (Skylab Mission Control) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc9	Stamp and (Jim Butcher/Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back
United States	1915 fdc10	Stamp and (Jim Butcher/Fleetwood) cachet on FDC card
United States	1915 fdc14	Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc15	Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc16	Stamp and (Aristocrat Cachets) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc17	Stamp and (GillCraft) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc18	Stamp and (Andrews Cachet) cachet (reproduction of stamp) on FDC, also back
United States	1915 fdc19	Stamp and (AVP hand-painted) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc20	Stamp and (AVP hand-painted) cachet (different) on FDC
United States	1915 fdc21	Stamp and (Elite) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc22	Stamp and (HF) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc23	Stamp and (Tudor House) cachet on FDC
United States	1915 fdc24	Stamp and (CKM) cachet on FDC (5-line cancel)
United States	1915 fdc25	Stamp and (CKM) cachet on FDC (4-line cancel)
United States	1915 sc	(Reader's Digest) souvenir card (with 1915 fdc), also back
United States	1914-1915 fdc	One of two stamps on FDC (Official Postmasters of America commemorative issue cachet), also (Postmasters of America, commemorative issue no.10) insert	1981	The Skylab crew "will be involved in studies of the Sun and the solar wind. They will also study radiation from distant regions of the universe and conduct studies of Earth's upper atmosphere and electromagnetic environment" (in insert)
United States	1916 fdc	(Bazaar no.394-4) cachet on FDC		Mariner-10 space weather/solar science instruments for "plasma science" including a "charged particle telescope" and a "magnetometer"
United States	1919 fdc	(Black printed) cachet on FDC
United States	None	Cinderella	1983	Schematic radiation belts
United States	2224 cover (Mi1841 cover)	(Blue printed) cachet on cover	1986	"Voyager-1: Search of boundary of solar system" (the spacecraft did eventually find that boundary, on 25 August 2012, when it crossed the heliopause, thus leaving the heliosphere and entering interstellar space)
United States	None	Insert back from cover, also insert front and cover front	1986	"ISEE-3" studied "the interaction between the [Giacobini-Zinner] comet and the solar wind" and made "long distance observations of the solar wind near Halley's Comet"
United States	2497 cover (Mi2094 cover)	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	~1990	"MIST - University of Washington" (Magnetospheric, Ionospheric, Solar and Terrestrial studies)
United States	None	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover	1991	"MIST - University of Washington" (Magnetospheric, Ionospheric, Solar and Terrestrial studies)
United States	2568+2572+2577 fdc	(P.A. Roman) cachet on FDC	1991	(artistic) depiction of a coronal loop¹⁹
United States	2569 fdc (Mi2184 fdc)	(PCS golden-replica) insert from FDC, also front		Mariner-2's observations of Venus "failed to detect any radiation belt similar to Earth's Van Allen Belt, or the existence of any kind of magnetic field"
United States	2569+2574 sc/fdc (Mi2184+2189 sc/fdc)	(PCS) cachet on SC/FDC		As it flew by Venus, Mariner-2 "failed to detect any radiation belt similar to Earth's Van Allen belts or any trace of a magnetic field"
United States	2575 maxi (Mi2190 maxi)	(Unicover) maxicard back, also front		"Uranus emits intense ultraviolet radiation called 'electroglow'"
United States	2575 fdc (Mi2190 fdc)	(PCS golden-replica) FDC insert, also front		Voyager-2 showed that "Uranus also has a unique magnetic field that fluctuates wildly as the planet spins on its axis"
United States	2576 fdc (Mi2191 fdc)	(PCS golden-replica) FDC insert, also front		"Neptune itself was found to be a pale blue object glowing with auroras and crackling and hissing from the radio noise of charged particles trapped by magnetic fields"
United States	C130 maxi (Mi2148 maxi)	(Unicover) maxicard back, also front	1991	"During the 1950s the scientific community established an International Geophysical Year to coincide with sunspot activity projected for 1957-1958"
United States	C130 fdc (Mi2148 fdc)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front		"the scientific community coordinated efforts to establish an International Geophysical Year to coincide with sunspot activity projected for 1957 - 1958"
United States	CP366	(USPS no.366) commemorative panel (C130)		IGY scientific research included studies of "magnetism", "cosmic radiation" and "sunspots"
United States	2634 maxi (Mi2238 maxi)	(Fleetwood) maxicard back, also front	1992	"Evidence suggests that at one time water flowed there [i.e. on Mars]. In fact, scientists theorize Mars once had enough water to cover the entire planet 33 feet deep. The puzzling question remains: Where did it all go?" Certain space weather effects are probably one part of the answer.
United States	2634a fdc (Mi2235-2238 maxi)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front	1992
United States	2743 fdc (Mi2339 fdc)	(Mystic Stamp Company) back of cover, also front	1993	"Laboratories aboard space stations are continually being used to study the stars, Sun, solar wind, and Earth's upper atmosphere"
United States	2841a fdc (Mi2477 fdc)	(JLP Cachets) cachet on FDC, also annotated	1994	"Solar wind experiment" (SWCE²)
United States	Local		~1998	"Explorer-1" and the Van Allen radiation belts
United States	3187d fdc1 (Mi3126 fdc1)	(BGC) cachet on FDC	1999	Based on observations from Explorer-1, Dr. Van Allen theorized about the "existence of a belt of charged particles trapped in space by the Earth's magnetic field. The existence of these Van Allen belts ... was confirmed by Explorer-3"
United States	3187d fdc2 (Mi3126 fdc2)	(Collins) cachet on FDC		"the Van Allen radiation belt[s] discovered by the Explorer satellites" (refers to Explorer-1 and Explorer-3)
United States	3187d fdc5 (Mi3126 fdc5)	(PCS golden-replica) back of FDC, also front		The "American satellites [Explorer-1 and Explorer-3] yielded valuable scientific information including the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt"
United States	3189i fdc1 (Mi3233 fdc1)	Stamp and (PCS golden-replica) back of FDC, also front	1999	Pioneer-10 "provided important information about [Jupiter's] atmosphere, magnetic fields and intense radiation belts"
United States	3189i fdc2 (Mi3233 fdc2)	(PCS) information sheet from FDC, also front		Pioneer-10 recorded "important scientific data" about Jupiter's "solar wind and magnetic field"
United States	3189i fdc3 (Mi3233 fdc3)	(Mystic Stamp Company) back of FDC, also front		Pioneer-10 explored Jupiter's "radiation belts" and "was the first Earth spacecraft to make it through ... Jupiter's blanket of radioactivity"
United States	3388 fdc (Mi3284 fdc)	(Mystic Stamp Company) cachet on FDC, also back	2000	"Saturn's north and south poles illuminated by ultraviolet auroras"; this image, obtained from HST in 1997, was "the first picture of Saturn's aurora"
United States	3410a (Mi3367)	From MS5 (3410 (a-e)) (Mi3367-3371)	2000	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
United States	3410c (Mi3369)			Solar prominences
United States	3410d (Mi3370)			CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
United States	3410a fdc1	Stamp on FDC (Space Voyage/First Rank cachet)		(As above for stamps)
United States	3410a fdc2	Stamp on FDC (PCS cachet)
United States	3410c fdc1	Stamp on FDC (PCS cachet)
United States	3410c fdc2	Stamp on FDC (multi-color printed cachet)
United States	3410d fdc	Stamp on FDC (PCS cachet)
United States	3410c fdc 1107 fdc	Stamp on FDC (C. Stephen Anderson cachet) cachet on dual-cancel FDC	2000 1958	(As above for stamps); also "cosmic radiation, terrestrial magnetism [and] solar activity" (in cachet text)
United States	None	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	2000	Solar wind and magnetosphere
United States	None	(Multi-color printed) cachet on cover	2002	Earth's magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind; (see also AAT cover 2002)
United States	4123b fdc (Mi4197 fdc)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC	2007	"NASA photo from Spacelab-3 of geomagnetic storm" and aurora seen from space (the aurora are one result of the "geomagnetic storm")
United States	4123 fdc (BL62 fdc)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC	2007	Aurora seen from space (in cachet at lower left)
United States	4203 fdc1 (Mi4315 fdc1)	(Mission 57) back of FDC, also front	2007	Solar wind and magnetosphere; also Northern Hemisphere auroral ring (in cachets front and back)
United States	4203 fdc2 (Mi4315 fdc2)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front		"The colored lights of the Aurora Borealis are caused by a collision between solar wind-driven charged particles and atoms of gases in the Earth's protective atmosphere"
United States	4204 fdc1 (Mi4316 fdc1)	(Mission 57) back of FDC, also front		"Solar Earth magnetosphere process[es]"; also "solar flare⁴" image; also Southern Hemisphere auroral ring (in cachets front and back)
United States	4204 fdc2 (Mi4316 fdc2)	(Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back		"The [polar] lights are caused by the collision of high-speed solar particles (emitted by the Sun) with gases in Earth's protective atmosphere". "Violent solar storms, which cause stronger solar winds, enlarge the area the aurora covers (auroral ring)"
United States	None	(Mission 57) cachet on IGY cover back, also front	2007	"Explorer-1 ... discovered a band of charged particles surrounding the Earth, later named the Van Allen radiation belt"
United States	None	(Mission 57) back of cover, also front	2007	"Solar Earth magnetosphere process[es]"; also "solar flare⁴" image; also Southern Hemisphere auroral ring (in cachets front and back)
United States	None	Cinderella	2010s	Schematic drawing of the heliosphere and some of its components; also Voyager-1 and 2
United States	4528 fdc1 (Mi4702 fdc1)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC (DCP cancel)	2011	MESSENGER observation of Mercury's "atmosphere, magnetosphere and plasma environment"
United States	4528 fdc2 (Mi4702 fdc2)	(Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC (text cancel)
United States	4528 fdc3 (Mi4702 fdc3)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front		Mercury "is thought to be the only other Earth-like planet with a global magnetic field"
United States	4528 fdc4 (Mi4702 fdc4)	(Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front (different cancel)
United States	None	(Coverscape) cachet on cover	2014	155th anniv. the Carrington Event solar storm: 28 Aug - 2 Sep 1859; "a solar coronal mass ejection⁹ aligned with and hit the Earth's magnetosphere, inducing one of the largest known geomagnetic storms in recorded history"
United States	5071 fdc (Mi5245 fdc)	(Bullfrog) cachet on FDC, also detail	2016	Auroral ring
United States	5073 fdc (Mi5247 fdc)	(Bullfrog) cachet on FDC		Jupiter has "a powerful magnetosphere"
United States	5074 fdc (Mi5248 fdc)	(Bullfrog) cachet on FDC		"Electrical current within the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn's planetary magnetic field"
United States	5075 fdc1 (Mi5249 fdc1)	(Bullfrog) cachet on FDC		"Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system [and] a magnetosphere"
United States	5075 fdc2 (Mi5249 fdc2)	(Colorano silk) cachet on FDC		Solar prominence
United States	SP2015	(USPS) souvenir page (5069-5076)		The "Hubble Space Telescope ... has captured high-resolution images of ... the auroras of Jupiter and Saturn"
United States	CP966	(USPS no.968) commemorative panel (5069-5076)		"NASA's famed Hubble Space Telescope ... has captured high-resolution images of ... the auroras of Jupiter and Saturn"
United States	None	(Zazzle.com) personalized postage	2016	For an unknown reason, sunspots virtually disappeared between 1645 and 1715 in what is now known as the "Maunder minimum", named after E.W. Maunder (1851–1928), an English astronomer who studied that period of minimum solar activity
United States	5211 (Mi5404)	Stamp with thermochromic ink which changes when heated, from MS16 (5211a (16x 5211)) or MS16 heated	2017	Solar corona (visible during a solar eclipse or through the use of an instrument known as a coronagraph⁸)
United States	SP2065	(USPS) souvenir page (5211)
United States	CP982	(USPS no.?) commemorative panel (5211)
United States	5211 cover (Mi5404 cover)	Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on cover	2017	Observing "the solar corona using stabilized telescopes aboard two of NASA's WB-57F research aircraft" during the 21 August solar eclipse
United States	None	(Coverscape) cachet on cover	2019	Depiction of Earth's magnetosphere; "James A. Van Allen" was the "discoverer of the magnetosphere", which was named the "'Van Allen Radiation Belts' in his honor, following his discovery of them during the International Geophysical Year in 1958"
United States	None	(Coverscape) cachet on cover	2019	160th anniv. "the Carrington event - the great solar storm of 1859"
United States	5607c (Mi5831BA-5840BA) i5607c	MS20 (10x (5598-5607)), also back Imperforate MS20 (5598a-5607a)	2021	"Sunspots" (in 5604 stamp); the "active Sun" with "coronal hole", "coronal loops"¹⁹, "solar flare", "plasma blast", and "sunspots" in images obtained by the SDO satellite; also various space weather-related illustrations in the cachets of the FDCs, including the "Scheiner Helioscope - 1630" (in the cachet of 5604_fdc2). In 5600_fdc4, the cachet image is presented as a negative so that the solar flares in the cachet are the dark areas (rather than the bright areas as they are in a positive image). 5600_fdc5 also depicts a solar prominence in its cachet.
United States	5598-5607 poster	Poster (5798-5607)
United States	5598-5607 fdc	Ten stamps and (Panda Cachets) cachet on FDC
United States	5598 fdc1	Stamp on FDC (Janet Hobbs hand-drawn and hand-painted cachet), also back
United States	5598 fdc2	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5599 fdc	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5600 fdc1	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5600 fdc2	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC
United States	5600 fdc3	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC
United States	5600 fdc4	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC
United States	5600 fdc5	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC
United States	5600 fdc6	Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC
United States	5601 fdc1	Stamp on FDC (Janet Hobbs hand-drawn and hand-painted cachet), also back
United States	5601 fdc2	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5602 fdc1	Stamp on FDC (Janet Hobbs hand-drawn and hand-painted cachet), also back
United States	5602 fdc2	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5602 fdc3	Stamp on FDC (Alpine cachet), also back
United States	5603 fdc1	Stamp and (Janet Hobbs hand-drawn and hand-painted) cachet on FDC, also back
United States	5603 fdc2	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5603 fdc3	Stamp on FDC (Alpine cachet), also back
United States	5604 fdc1	Stamp and (Mews) cachet on FDC
United States	5604 fdc2	Stamp and (black printed) cachet on FDC
United States	5604 fdc3	Stamp and (DCP) cancel on FDC (blank/no cachet)
United States	5604 fdc4	Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Ranski) cachet on FDC
United States	5604 fdc5	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5605 fdc1	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5605 fdc2	Stamp on FDC (Alpine cachet), also back
United States	5606 fdc1	Stamp and (Coverscape) cachet on FDC
United States	5606 fdc2	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5607 fdc1	Stamp on FDC (Janet Hobbs hand-drawn and hand-painted cachet), also back
United States	5607 fdc2	Stamp and (JVC) cachet on FDC
United States	5607 fdc3	Stamp and (Alpine) cachet on FDC, also back
United States	SP2191	(USPS) souvenir page (5598-5607)
United States	CP1046	(USPS no.?) commemorative panel (5607b)
United States	None	(Coverscape) cachet on cover, also back	2024	"The solar storms of May 10-13, 2024 ... were the most intense to affect Earth since Oct of 2003, producing aurorae as far south as Arizona and Georgia"; also "The Carrington Effect" (in text on the back)
Vatican City	518 cover (Mi599 cover)	(KimCover un-numbered) cachet on cover, also detail	1972	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin beside the SWCE²
Vatican City	654 (Mi745)	From MS20 (654a (20x 654))	1979	Solar prominences (in the stamps and cachets); "various depictions of solar prominences" (in Italian text in the folder)
Vatican City	655 (Mi746)	From MS20 (655a (20x 655))
Vatican City	656 (Mi747)	From MS20 (656a (20x 656))
Vatican City	654-656 fdc1	Three stamps and (Capitolium no.117 brown) cachet on FDC
Vatican City	654-656 fdc2	Three stamps and (Capitolium no.117 brown) cachet (slightly different) on FDC
Vatican City	654-656 fdc3	Three stamps and (Capitolium no.117 blue) cachet on FDC
Vatican City	654-656 folder	FDC folder (654-656), also front and back
Yemen Mutawakelite Kingdom	BL224A BL224B	SS1 Imperforate SS1	1970	Apollo-11 Astronaut Aldrin setting up the SWCE²
Zimbabwe	882 (Mi701)		2001	Solar "prominences during a total solar eclipse"

¹Super DARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network) consists of a large number of radars operating on frequencies between 8 and 20 MHz and looking into the polar regions of the Earth. These radars can measure the position and velocity of plasma irregularities in the Earth's ionosphere. The movements of those irregularities respond to energy coupled into the auroral regions from the solar wind and magnetosphere. Super DARN is therefore one source of information on how the Earth interacts with the space environment.
²The Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWCE) was deployed on the Moon during five Apollo missions (Apollo-11, 12, 14, 15, and 16). The goal of the SWCE was to sample and measure the solar wind at a location outside of Earth's magnetosphere. It provided the first accurate measurements of the He, Ne, and Ar isotopic components of the solar wind. The experiment consisted of a sheet of pure metal foil, 1-foot wide and 4.6 feet high, mounted on a pole inserted into the soil of the Moon's surface. The foil was exposed for various amounts of time in the different Apollo missions and was then stowed and returned to Earth for analysis. This photo shows Apollo-11 Astronaut Edwin Aldrin beside the mounted SWCE sheet; this photo shows a close view of the similar SWCE sheet from the Apollo-12 mission; this diagram provides a few details for the deployed sheet.
³This item can also be considered to refer implicitly to SMM, which was launched 14 February 1980 during the period of maximum solar activity of solar cycle 21. SMM marked the beginning of systematic monitoring of the total solar irradiance from space. During its operational lifetime (February to November 1980 and April 1984 to November 1989 - the gap was due to an attitude control failure late in 1980, but the satellite was repaired in April 1984 by STS-41C/Challenger), SMM observed some 12,000 solar flares⁴ and 1200 CMEs⁹.
⁴A solar flare is a sudden massive eruption of energy from the Sun, mostly in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which reaches Earth in around 8 minutes and can affect wireless communications through its interactions with the ionosphere. Solar flares are often accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs)⁹, which dramatically strengthen the solar wind, which can result in other significant space weather effects on and near Earth if they strike the Earth.
⁵Ground-based neutron monitors generally record galactic cosmic rays and their variation with the 11-year sunspot cycle and the 22-year magnetic cycle. However, the Sun occasionally emits cosmic rays of sufficient energy to raise radiation levels at the surface to the degree that they are readily detected by neutron monitors. Such events are termed "Ground Level Enhancements" (GLEs)⁶ and are one symptom of some solar or magnetic storms.
⁶AFCRL: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (Cambridge MA)
⁷See here for a list of engraved/lithographed Russian definitive pairs known to exist with satellite overprints.
⁸A coronagraph is a special telescope equipped with a disk that blacks out ("occults") the solar disk, thereby making possible daylight observations of the solar corona.
⁹A CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) is a massive eruption of matter from the solar corona that moves away from the Sun in a huge "cloud" of energetic solar particles. CMEs can cause significant space weather effects.
¹⁰Equatorial Guinea BL277 was produced in 2 printings, if not more: The first printing is blue and the second is blue-violet (as seen in the non-overprinted sheets). A third printing that is magenta has been found overprinted only, and possibly a fourth printing with more green has been found on FDCs only). None of the overprints appear to be found on more than one printing.
¹¹The Concorde was used as a mobile solar observatory in the African total solar eclipse of 1973. It was large enough to house scientists and their equipment, flew high enough to reduce atmospheric effects on the observations, and was fast enough to remain in the area of totality. In this mission it was in the area of totality for 74 minutes. For more information, see https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/8q8qwk/the-concorde-and-the-longest-solar-eclipse.
¹²PSP is the Parker Solar Probe, launched 12 August 2018. Its mission is to try and answer three basic questions about the Sun:
1. How is the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, heated to temperatures about 300 times higher than the visible surface below?
2. How is the solar wind accelerated so quickly to the high speeds we observe?
3. How do some of the Sun's most energetic particles rocket away from the Sun at more than half the speed of light?
For more information, see https://earthsky.org/space/parker-solar-probe-1st-image-from-inside-suns-atmosphere.
¹³The IMS (International Magnetospheric Study) was an international program under SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics) in which a coordinated effort was made to understand magnetospheric processes.
¹⁴The Solar Wind Spectrometer (SWS) was deployed on the lunar surface by Apollo-12 and Apollo-15. Although the solar wind contains ions of most chemical elements (including the noble gases measured by the Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWCE)), over 95% of the particles in the solar wind are electrons and protons, in roughly equal numbers. The SWS measured the flux of protons and electrons as a function of particle velocity. The measurements were made in a set of seven detector cups with different orientations in order to determine the direction of particle motion. Most of the measured flux was in the detector that was oriented most directly toward the Sun.
¹⁵A Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) event is a solar energetic particle (SEP) event in which the particles reach the neutral atmosphere of Earth and produce secondary neutrons that are detected at ground level as sudden increases in cosmic ray intensity.
¹⁶The Einstein Tower on Telegraph Hill in Potsdam, Germany is a solar observatory. The surrounding area on Telegraph Hill is also used by Geo-Forschungszentrum Potsdam and other institutes of climate and polar research.
¹⁷The EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter) Scientific Association conducts ionospheric and atmospheric research using four incoherent-scatter radar systems located north of the Arctic Circle in Sweden, Finland and Norway. EISCAT's observations contribute to the science of space weather and the auroras. For example, they are used in studies of Sun-Earth interactions as revealed by disturbances in the ionosphere, which in turn may be related to changes in the magnetosphere.
¹⁸The numbered Skylab missions are identified on the Skylab-mission Earth imagery page.
¹⁹Coronal loops are huge loops of magnetic field beginning and ending on the Sun's visible surface (photosphere) and projecting into the solar atmosphere (corona). Hot glowing ionized gas (plasma) trapped in the loops makes them visible. Coronal loops range widely in size up to several thousand kilometers long. They are transient features of the solar surface, forming and dissipating over periods of seconds to days.
²⁰IPGP: Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris

Below are the three tables containing lists of Space weather on satellite, rocket, and balloon launch covers (including anniversary-of-launch covers, and launch-related event covers).

Country Cancel Date Cancel Location Type of Item Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Launch Covers, satellite-related)
United States 1958-07-26 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-4 launch cover "providing data on radiation and analysis of Earth's magnetic field"
United States 1959-09-18 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Vanguard-3 launch cover Measuring space environment conditions, including Earth's magnetic field and the effect on the Earth's [upper] atmosphere of solar X-rays
United States 1958-10-11 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Pioneer-1 launch cover "Provides first measurements of interplanetary magnetic field"
United States 1959-10-13 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-7 launch cover "Study cosmic rays, X-rays from Sun"
United States 1959-10-13 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet (and signatures) on Explorer-7 launch cover
United States 1960-11-03 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-8 launch cover made "direct measurements of the ionosphere"
United States 1960-12-07 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Multi-color printed) cachet on Discoverer-18 launch cover Contained "various human tissues for radiation studies" ("spy-in-the-sky")
United States 1961-02-17 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Black printed) cachet on Discoverer-20 launch cover "contained space radiation-measuring equipment"
United States 1961-03-25 (inverted hour "2") Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft no.1, no logo) cachet on Explorer-10 launch cover "Van Allen radiation belts & magnetic fields; designed to chart 'least hostile' routes for future space travel"
United States 1961-03-25 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft no.1, no logo) cachet on Explorer-10 launch cover
United States 1961-03-25 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft no.1, no logo) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-10 launch cover
United States 1961-08-15 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-12 launch cover "to study the interaction between solar winds and the Earth's magnetic field"
United States 1961-08-16 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft) insert from Explorer-12 launch cover, also front "Solar winds"
United States 1961-08-16 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft) insert from Explorer-12 launch cover, also front (with signature)
United States 1961-08-23 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft, no logo) cachet on Ranger-1 launch cover, also insert measured "charged particles, protons [and] nuclei of hydrogen atoms from the Sun, and cosmic rays"
United States 1962-01-24 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Injun-2 and SolRad-4A and SECOR-(1) and LOFTI-2 launch [failed] cover, also insert "To study the Van Allen radiation belt"
United States 1962-03-07 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover observed "the stormy surface of the Sun"
United States 1962-03-07 Port Canaveral FL (Orange and black printed) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover observed "the stormy surface of the Sun", and studied "how the Sun influences conditions on Earth"
United States 1962-03-07 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover, also insert "To measure X-rays, gamma, ultraviolet and infrared rays streaming toward Earth from the Sun"
United States 1962-03-07 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on OSO-1 launch cover, also insert
United States 1962-03-07 Port Canaveral FL (Red and black printed) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover "To study how the Sun influences conditions on Earth"
United States 1962-04-26 Port Canaveral FL (Black rubber-stamp) cachet on Ariel-1 launch cover "Study ionosphere - Sun relations"
United States 1962-04-26 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Ariel-1 launch cover, also front "to acquire increased knowledge of the ionosphere and how it is affected by solar radiation, and to obtain data on primary cosmic radiation"
United States 1962-04-26 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Ariel-1 launch cover, also front (and signature)
United States 1962-04-26 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Ariel-1 launch cover, also front (and signatures, different)
United States 1962-10-03 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft) cachet on Explorer-14 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (minor differences) "Space weather satellite, to study Sun's radiation belt and threat Sun poses to space explorers"
United States 1962-10-03 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft) cachet on Explorer-14 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (minor differences)
United States 1962-10-03 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-14 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (minor differences)
United States 1962-10-03 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-14 launch cover "Measures the relationship of energetic particles with the Earth's magnetic field"; "Measures dangers to men in space"
United States 1963-05-07 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Telstar-2 launch cover "included design changes aimed at avoiding the severe radiation damage which eventually killed the first Telstar"
United States 1963-11-27 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover, also insert "To measure magnetic fields, cosmic rays and solar winds in space"
United States 1963-11-27 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover, also insert
United States 1963-11-27 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover "to determine if satellite instruments can forecast solar flares⁴ on the Sun"
United States 1963-11-27 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover
United States 1963-11-27 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover "to study solar flares⁴ whose deadly radiation threatens manned voyages into outer space"
United States 1963-11-27 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover "Solar wind and cosmic ray study"
United States 1963-12-21 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on TIROS-8 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) "World-wide space weather forecasting"
United States 1963-12-21 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on TIROS-8 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)
United States 1964-08-25 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-20 launch cover, also insert "To investigate why the ionosphere acts as a mirror for radio waves and radar"
United States 1964-09-05 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-1 launch cover, also insert "Probing for manned spaceflight hazards caused by the Sun"
United States 1964-09-05 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-1 launch cover, also insert
United States 1964-10-04 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-21 launch cover, also insert "To gather research of cosmic radiation through space on swift solar winds"
United States 1964-10-04 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-21 launch cover, also insert
United States 1964-12-21 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-26 launch cover, also front "Radiation detection satellite"; "the satellite will investigate energetic particles in the Earth's radiation belts" (the "Van Allen radiation zone")
United States 1964-12-21 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-26 launch cover, also front
United States 1964-12-21 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-26 launch cover "Radiation detector satellite ... to study Earth's radiation belts"
United States 1964-12-21 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Centennial red earth) cachet on Explorer-26 launch cover "radiation-detection satellite"
United States 1964-12-21 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial red earth) cachet on Explorer-26 launch cover
United States 1965-02-03 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover Studying "radiation that both sustains and threatens Man"
United States 1965-02-03 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover
United States 1965-02-03 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover "Study the Sun's thermonuclear solar flares⁴ during eruptions"
United States 1965-02-03 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover "to make the most comprehensive study to date of the Sun and how it affects conditions on Earth & the planets"
United States 1965-02-03 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Centennial) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover
United States 1965-02-03 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OSO-2 launch cover, also front "Measuring solar flares⁴ [and] examining energetic particles in the lower Van Allen region above the Earth's atmosphere"
United States 1965-02-03 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OSO-2 launch cover, also front (with signature)
United States 1965-02-03 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OSO-2 launch cover, also front
United States 1965-05-25 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Pegasus-2 launch cover "to detect harmful radiation that may affect our Moon team" (but that statement is misleading, since the actual mission was to detect micrometeorite impacts, not radiation)
United States 1965-05-29 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-28 launch cover, also insert "To chart radiation hazards along the astronauts' route to the Moon"
United States 1965-05-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-28 launch cover "To measure space radiation hazards along the astronauts' pathway to the Moon"
United States 1965-05-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-28 launch cover "Solar wind and cosmic ray study"
United States 1965-08-25 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front "Shed new light on the relation between solar flares⁴, [solar] winds and Sun radiation"
United States 1965-08-25 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front (and signature)
United States 1965-08-25 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front
United States 1965-08-25 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front (and signature)
United States 1965-10-05 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on OV1-2 launch cover "To detect ambient radiation environment, results of these experiments will be used in the design of future spacecraft to assure adequate protection for human occupants"
United States 1965-10-14 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on OGO-2 launch cover "to test the Earth's magnetic field, the mysterious causes of the northern lights and measure radiations"
United States 1965-10-14 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OGO-2 launch cover, also insert variation (different line lengths) and cover front and cover back "Solar winds" and "Earth's geomagnetic field"
United States 1965-10-15 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on LCS-2 and OV2-1 launch [failed] cover "Probes for space hazards for manned flights"
United States 1965-11-19 Wallops Island VA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-30 (SolRad-8) launch cover, also insert or insert variation (text length variation) and back "Will measure solar flares⁴ which produce intense hazardous problems to manned activities in space"
United States 1965-11-19 Wallops Island VA (Red printed) cachet on Explorer-30 (SolRad-8) launch cover "Study solar X-ray emissions"; "solar flare⁴ warning system"; "ionospheric condition forecast"
United States 1965-12-06 WSMR, NM (HJM black and Boudwin? purple and blue rubber-stamp) cachets on Gemini-7 event cover MSC-2/MSC-3 experiment¹¹
United States 1966-04-22 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on OV3-1 launch cover "Analysis of near-Earth charged-particle environment to guard our Moon shots"
United States 1966-05-25 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-32 launch cover "Study upper atmosphere changes" and "Check solar storm radiation"
United States 1966-06-06 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on OGO-3 launch cover "radiation hazards"
United States 1966-06-10 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet on OV3-4 launch cover "Radiation test for manned spaceflight" and "to study the effects of radiation on astronauts in space"
United States 1966-06-10 Wallops Island VA (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on OV3-4 launch cover "Radiation test for manned spaceflight"
United States 1966-06-10 Wallops Island VA (Blue printed) cachet on OV3-4 launch cover
United States 1966-07-01 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-33 launch cover "Radiation test for manned spaceflight"
United States 1966-08-04 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on OV3-3 launch cover "study various aspects of the composition and activities of the radiation belt, measuring the abundance of charged particles ... to learn more about how particles of radiation from the Sun and sources beyond the solar system are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field"
United States 1966-08-17 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover To "study high energy solar particles ["solar wind" and "cosmic rays"] to protect Apollo astronauts"
United States 1966-08-17 Patrick AFB, FL (Sarzin) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover To "learn about outer space and its possible hazard to our astronauts"
United States 1966-08-17 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover, also insert "Forecaster of solar weather"; "To study the supersonic winds and deadly cosmic rays emanating from the Sun"
United States 1966-08-17 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover, also insert
United States 1966-08-17 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover "Solar cosmic rays" and "Earth's magnetic field cavity in solar wind"
United States 1966-08-17 Kennedy Space Center FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover
United States 1966-08-17 Kennedy Space Center FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet (slightly different) on Pioneer-7 launch cover
United States 1966-12-07 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ATS-1 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different labeling) "space environment"
United States 1966-12-07 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ATS-1 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different labeling)
United States 1966-12-11 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin) cachet on OV1-9/10 launch cover "studying various types of space radiation"
United States 1967-03-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover "To discover the origin of Sun spot explosions to protect our future space travelers"
United States 1967-03-08 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover, also insert "Observing sunspots [and] radio emissions from the Sun so scientists can study their effects on weather, communication and future manned space flights"
United States 1967-03-08 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-03-08 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover Measuring "solar corona" and "ultra-violet light" and "cosmic gamma ray radiation"; also schematic diagrams showing the propagation of a solar flare's⁴ energetic particle wavefront and magnetic lines of force
United States 1967-03-08 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover
United States 1967-03-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover "launched to study secrets of the Sun and to help guard astronauts from deadly solar radiation during flights to the moon"
United States 1967-03-08 Cape Canaveral FL (HJM black and black typed) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover "launched to study secrets of the Sun and to help guard astronauts from deadly solar radiation during flights to the moon"
United States 1967-04-28 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet from OV5-1+3 and ERS-18 and Vela-7/8 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different text) and insert2 and insert2 back "One of the trio of hitchhiking Environmental Research Satellites will be looking at some of the death-dealing radiation emitted by the Sun"; also (in insert2 text) "OV5-1 is an electronic research satellite to measure solar radiation, bremsstrahlung and X-ray radiation in the 8-14 Angstrom range. It will provide information for mapping radiation belts in space. ERS-18 will measure trapped radiation in the Van Allen belt"
United States 1967-04-28 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet from OV5-1+3 and ERS-18 and Vela-7/8 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different text) and insert2 and insert2 back
United States 1967-05-24 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-34 launch cover, also insert "To study cosmic and galactic energy in the Earth's magnetosphere and interplanetary space"; "particular emphasis is placed on how solar events influence the Earth's environment" (in insert); one goal is "the development of a solar flare⁴ prediction which will aid the Apollo manned Moon landing program" (in insert)
United States 1967-05-24 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-34 launch cover "Solar flare⁴ data for Apollo program; interplanetary magnetic field meas[urement]"
United States 1967-05-24 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet (different) on Explorer-34 launch cover
United States 1967-05-24 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-34 launch cover "carried eleven experiments into orbit to measure solar and galactic cosmic rays in space"
United States 1967-06-14 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert "to obtain scientific information ... on [the planet's] radiation and magnetic environment"
United States 1967-06-14 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-06-14 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-06-14 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (HJM black and black typed) cachet Explorer-35 launch cover "into lunar orbit to study radiation hazards facing moon-bound astronauts"
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover "It is programmed to send back information on radiation and magnetic fields around the Moon which might affect Apollo astronauts"
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Cyan rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover "Moon orbit to study radiation hazards"
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers grey and dark-magenta) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover "Radiation test for manned spaceflight; solar flare⁴ data for Apollo program"
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers blue-gray and black) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers gray and black and brown) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States 1967-07-19 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover, also insert "IMP may help determine whether there would be any radiation hazard to astronauts on the Moon"
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover "into lunar orbit to study radiation hazards facing moonbound astronauts"
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet (slightly different) on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States 1967-07-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Cyan rubber-stamp and magenta hand-printed) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover "to study radiation hazards facing Moon-bound astronauts"
United States 1967-07-28 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-4 launch cover, also insert "To study the relationship between our Sun and the nature of the Earth's environment during periods of high solar activity"
United States 1967-07-28 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-07-28 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-4 launch cover "For spacecraft and airline radiation tests; study aurora and geomagnetic field; study relationship of Sun to Earth"
United States 1967-09-07 Kennedy Space Center FL (Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover "carrying 10 million insects, plants and bacteria to study the effects of radiation and weightlessness in space"
United States 1967-09-07 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover
United States 1967-09-08 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover
United States 1967-09-08 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert "Designed to monitor solar activities during a full 11-year solar cycle, when numerous [solar] flares⁴ spew spaghetti-like streamers of radiation into space"
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-10-18 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-10-18 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover Measured "Sun outbursts", "Sun's influence on interplanetary space", "Sun's ultra-violet light" and "cosmic gamma-ray radiation"
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover "explore the solar influence in interplanetary space, measure cosmic gamma-ray radiation and [the] Sun's ultra-violet light"
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet (different text font) on OSO-4 launch cover
United States 1967-10-18 Kennedy Space Center FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers) cachet (different) on OSO-4 launch cover
United States 1967-10-18 Kennedy Space Center FL (Centennial black Orbiting Observatories and black text) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover "placed into orbit to study the Sun and its influence on the Earth's atmosphere"
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial black Orbiting Observatories and black text) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (HJM black and black typed) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover "placed into orbit to study the Sun and its influence on the Earth's atmosphere"
United States 1967-10-18 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin?) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover "carries 9 separate experiments to study the Sun and [its] effects on Earth"
Austria 1967-10-18 Gmünd (Red printed) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover Some details of space weather-related measurements near Venus
United States 1967-10-19 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert "returns data on the Venusian temperatures, magnetic field and radiation"
United States 1967-10-19 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert
United States 1967-10-19 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert
United States 1967-10-19 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert
United States 1967-12-13 Kennedy Space Center FL (Centennial) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover "warn astronauts of deadly solar radiation storms in space"
United States 1967-12-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover
United States 1967-12-13 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert "Interplanetary Weatherman - to monitor solar events as the Sun reaches the climax of its 11-year cycle in 1969"; the passage of the satellite "through Earth's protective magnetic envelope (magnetosphere) will help to measure its [the magnetosphere's] exact shape" (in insert text)
United States 1967-12-13 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-12-13 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-12-13 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert
United States 1967-12-13 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover "Interplanetary radiation test for manned spaceflight"
United States 1967-12-13 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover
United States 1968-01-07 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit purple and orange) cachet on Surveyor-7 launch cover "radiation ... tests; last Surveyor before astronaut Moon flight"
United States 1968-01-07 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit purple and orange) cachet on Surveyor-7 launch cover
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover "Solar wind shock wave tests towards Earth"
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial yellow Orbiting Observatories and black text) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover "To study radiation hazards of the Sun"
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover "measure radiation, observe Sun, keep tabs on electronic particles of space"
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (HJM black and black typed) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover "to study radiation hazards of the Sun"
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front "24 experiments and observations on particles which scientists will face in space"
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-03-04 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-03-04 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover "obtain data during increased solar activity"
United States 1968-03-05 Wallops Island VA (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover "Solar wind"; "protective magnetosphere"; "solar cosmic ray particles"; "solar flare⁴ tests for manned flight"; "monitor solar X-ray emissions"
United States 1968-03-05 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover "A radiation explorer satellite"
United States 1968-03-05 Wallops Island VA (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover, also front "Information on solar X-rays "will be used in a warning system for major solar flares⁴ which may be hazardous to manned space activities"
United States 1968-03-05 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover, also front
United States 1968-04-06 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on OV1-13/14 launch cover "space experiments concerning radiation and density to enable the US to gain useful knowledge for flights of our Moon-bound astronauts"
United States 1968-04-06 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Swanson/DuBeau? black rubber-stamp) cachet on OV1-13/14 launch cover "17 experiments to study [the] deep space environment"
United States 1968-05-16 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover "for cosmic study and solar radiation tests"
United States 1968-05-16 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers, with missing "8" in "5-16-6") cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover
United States 1968-05-16 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson orange) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) "To study solar and cosmic radiation", and "to perform an integrated study of the polar ionosphere with particular emphasis on auroral events" (in insert text)
United States 1968-05-16 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson red) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)
United States 1968-05-16 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)
United States 1968-08-08 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover "To make detailed scientific study of density and radiation in Earth's upper atmosphere at the time of high solar activity"
United States 1968-08-08 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover "To study atmospheric density and radiation above the Earth"
United States 1968-08-08 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover "To measure energy particle bombardment of (the) atmosphere"
United States 1968-08-08 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover, also front "records energetic particles and measures radiation of different kinds. These experiments help in planning for future space flights."
United States 1968-08-08 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson sticker) insert from Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-09-26 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back "solar radiation" and "cosmic ray" studies
United States 1968-09-26 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back
United States 1968-09-26 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back
United States 1968-09-26 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back
United States 1968-10-03 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-1A launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and insert2 back "To study the northern lights and measure radiation during magnetic storms"
United States 1968-11-08 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2 "Solar Weather Watcher"; "To improve radiation storm forecasts for Apollo astronauts flying to the Moon" (in cachet text); "to warn of solar radiation storms that might endanger astronauts on the Moon" (in insert1 text)
United States 1968-11-08 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States 1968-11-08 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States 1968-11-08 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States 1968-11-08 Kennedy Space Center FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States 1968-11-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover "to help scientists devise an interplanetary weather map charting radiation from solar storms"
United States 1968-11-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial black and blue) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover "Place into orbit around the Sun to study solar radiation storms that could endanger astronauts on the Moon"
United States 1968-11-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial black) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover
United States 1968-11-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Blue printed) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover "to measure the Sun's corona"
United States 1968-12-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on HEOS-1 launch cover drawing of solar wind and magnetosphere
United States 1968-12-05 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front "scientific mission is to study interplanetary physics (particularly magnetic fields), cosmic radiation and solar winds outside of the magnetosphere, and the Earth's shock wave"
United States 1968-12-05 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-12-05 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-12-05 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front
United States 1968-12-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on HEOS-1 launch cover "To take precise measurements of the magnetic fields coming from the Sun"
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover "To study maximum [solar] flare⁴ activity and to help warn astronauts on the Moon of radiation storms"
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover "Solar wind"; "twisting magnetic filaments channel solar cosmic ray particles"; [Earth's] "protective magnetosphere"; "to scan solar corona"
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover
United States 1969-01-22 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2 "To study how the Sun controls our weather, interferes with communications and alters the composition of the globe-circling radiation belt"
United States 1969-01-22 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States 1969-01-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (HJM black and red typed) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover "To study the Sun during a period of maximum [solar] flare⁴ activity and to help warn astronauts on the Moon of radiation storms"
United States 1969-01-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover To "measure atomic particles streaming from the Sun's surface"
United States 1969-01-29 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on ISIS-1 launch cover "'Polar blackout' ionosphere study; radio fadeout tests of hemisphere"
United States 1969-01-29 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert2 back from ISIS-1 launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and front "When the ionosphere becomes disturbed following solar storms or other phenomena associated with the Sun, its reflecting properties are affected. Consequently, radio communications are disrupted, sometimes for long periods. Hence, there is a deep interest in studying the upper atmosphere in order to find methods of overcoming the effects of ionospheric disturbances. Perhaps the worst ionospheric condition, from the standpoint of communications, is the so-called 'polar blackout'".
United States 1969-01-29 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert2 back from ISIS-1 launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and cover front
United States 1969-05-23 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OV5-5/6/9 and Vela-9/10 launch cover, also front "During future Apollo lunar flights these Velas will provide solar activity information".
United States 1969-05-23 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OV5-5/6/9 and Vela-9/10 launch cover, also front
United States 1969-05-23 Kennedy Space Center FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OV5-5/6/9 and Vela-9/10 launch cover, also front
United States 1969-06-05 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-6 launch cover "Solar wind shock wave tests towards Earth"
United States 1969-06-05 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin) cachet on OGO-6 launch cover "to measure magnetic fields in the ionosphere, distribution and energy levels of energetic particles, radio propagation, interplanetary particles"
United States 1969-06-05 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front "will sample radiation trapped in the Earth's magnetic field and will measure the intensity of solar flares⁴"
United States 1969-06-05 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front (and signature)
United States 1969-06-05 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front
United States 1969-06-05 Kennedy Space Center FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front
United States 1969-06-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-41 launch cover "Radiation test for manned spaceflight; interplanetary magnetic field meas[urement]; solar flare⁴ data for Apollo program"; also drawing of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere
United States 1969-06-21 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-41 launch cover, also insert Depiction of Earth's magnetosphere; "development of [observational techniques] of solar flares⁴"; also "verification of solar winds" (in insert text)
United States 1969-06-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-41 launch cover, also insert
United States 1969-08-09 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover "Solar flare⁴ tests for manned flight"; "monitor solar X-ray emissions"; "study aurora and geomagnetic field"; also schematic diagrams showing the propagation of a solar flare's⁴ energetic particle wavefront and magnetic lines of force
United States 1969-08-09 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover
United States 1969-08-09 Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover, also front "With the launch occurring during a period of near-peak [solar] flare⁴ activity in the Sun's 11-year solar cycle, the satellite could lead to the best understanding yet of the solar radiation storms that disrupt radio communications on Earth and are a potential hazard to Moon-bound astronauts"
United States 1969-08-09 Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover, also front
United States 1969-08-09 Cape Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover, also front
United States 1969-08-09 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover studied "solar flares" and "radiation storms"
United States 1969-08-12 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on ATS-5 launch cover "effects of the solar winds"
United States 1969-08-27 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert "Solar Weather Station" (in cachet text); "Weather map of solar space"; "solar winds"; also [solar] "magnetic filaments" (in insert text)
United States 1969-08-27 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert
United States 1969-08-27 Patrick AFB, FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert
United States 1969-08-27 Kennedy Space Center FL (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert
United States 1969-10-01 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on ESRO-1B launch cover "Study northern lights and polar ionosphere; experiments ... co-ordinated with rockets from Kiruna, Sweden"
United States 1969-10-01 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-1B launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and insert2 back "to study the polar ionosphere, the northern lights and related phenomena"; observations were correlated with those "made simultaneously [by] sounding rockets launched from the ESRO launch site at Kiruna, Sweden" (in text of both inserts)
United States 1969-10-01 Vandenberg AFB, CA (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-1B launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and insert2 back
United States 1969-11-07 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Vandy?/DuBeau? blue satellite-launch and red rubber-stamp) cachet on Azur launch cover "to study Earth's radiation belts, seven proton/electron spectra & flux experiments"
United States 1969-11-07 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Vandy?/DuBeau? blue satellite-launch and red rubber-stamp) cachet on Azur launch cover
United States 1969-11-19 Houston TX (Multi-color printed) cachet on Apollo-12 lunar landing cover Apollo-12 SWCE² (at left)
United States 1969-11-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Blue and red and black printed) cachet on Apollo-12 lunar landing cover, also back "Solar Wind Spectrometer¹⁴ [SWS]: measures high-speed charged particles that Sun gives off"; "[Lunar Surface] Magnetometer [LSM]: measures magnetic field"; "Lunar Ionosphere Detector: measures gaseous elements" (actual name of instrument: Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE), composed of the SID and the CCIG (Cold Cathode Ion Gauge), which was designed to measure various properties of positive ions in the lunar environment, to provide data on the plasma interaction between the solar wind and the Moon, and to determine the electrical potential of the lunar surface). This diagram of the Apollo-12 ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package) depicts how the instruments were deployed on the lunar surface.
Vatican City 1969-11-19 Vatican City (Green printed) cachet (annotated) on Apollo-12 lunar landing cover The Apollo-12 ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package) included the Solar Wind Spectrometer¹⁴ (SWS) (measured high-speed charged solar particles); the [Lunar Surface] Magnetometer [LSM] (measured the lunar magnetic field); and the SIDE (composed of the Suprathermal Ion Detector (SID) and the Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (CCIG), which were designed to measure various properties of positive ions in the lunar environment, to provide data on the plasma interaction between the solar wind and the Moon, and to determine the electrical potential of the lunar surface). Those instruments are depicted in the green cachet, which is similar to this diagram of the Apollo-12 ALSEP.
United States 1970-01-23 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Riser/Andromeda Cover no.2) cachet on TIROS-M and OSCAR-5 launch (airmail) cover, also back, also insert "Solar proton monitor for solar flare⁴ warnings"
United States 1970-04-08 Cape Canaveral FL (Riser/Andromeda Cover no.8) cachet on Vela-11/12 launch (airmail) cover "provide solar flare⁴ warning for Apollo astronauts"
United States 1970-04-11 Boulder CO (ESSA-SDL blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-13 launch cover "ESSA Space Disturbance Laboratory, Space Disturbance Forecast Services"; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States 1970-04-14 Honolulu HI (Black rubber-stamp, return address) cachet on Apollo-13 event cover "USAF Palehua Solar Observatory"
United States 1970-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Space Voyage) insert from NOAA-1 and CEP-1 launch cover, also front had "the objective of determining the electron number density and temperature in the ionosphere". This was to test "the design of a similar experiment planned for the ISIS-B US-Canadian satellite"
United States 1970-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Solar Covers no.7) insert from NOAA-1 and CEP-1 launch cover, also front "has been designed to determining the electron number density and temperature in the ionosphere" and "will test the design for a similar experiment planned for the ISIS-B scientific satellite"
United States 1970-12-11 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on NOAA-1 launch cover Schematic magnetic field/magnetosphere
United States 1971-02-05 Honolulu HI (Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on Apollo-14 event cover "1st [Space] Weather Wing", "Palehua Solar Observatory" (for landing on Moon)
United States 1971-02-05
1972-02-06 Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel)
Kennedy Space Center (hand cancel) (Lunar Voyage Cachets) insert from Apollo-14 Moon landing/lift-off cover, also front "Capt. Shepherd and Commander Mitchell established a nuclear powered scientific station to ... measure electrically charged particles and detect the compositions and energies of [the] solar wind". They also made "magnetometer readings".
United States 1971-03-13 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover, also insert "monitor cosmic rays, solar winds, radio waves, and magentic fields"
United States 1971-03-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-03-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet (and signatures) on Explorer-43 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-03-13 Kennedy Space Center FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover
United States 1971-03-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage/InterSpace Cover black printed - Sarzin hybrid) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover
French Guiana 1971-04-15 Kourou (Lollini magenta and brown) cachet on D-2A (Tournesol) launch cover "Solar and magnetic experiments" (in French text)
United States 1971-07-09 Wallops Island VA (hand cancel) (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover "Study effect of solar flares⁴ on manned space travel"
United States 1971-07-09 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover
United States 1971-07-09 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover
United States 1971-07-09 Wallops Island VA (Swanson black rubber-stamp and printed - Sarzin hybrid) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover "Fourteen experiments to monitor solar electromagnetic radiation. To aid as a sentinel during the forthcoming Apollo-15 mission"
United States 1971-07-09 Wallops Island VA (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover "Solar wind"; "protective magnetosphere"; "solar cosmic ray particles"; "solar flare⁴ tests for manned flight"; "monitor solar X-ray emissions"
United States 1971-07-26 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Apollo-15 launch cover "NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States 1971-07-26 Colorado Springs CO (Black typed) cachet (return address) on Apollo-15 launch cover "Solar Forecast Facility, 4th Weather Wing"
Japan 1971-09-28 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on Shinsei launch cover "Measure magnetic waves, cosmic rays [and] ionosphere plasma"
Japan 1971-09-28 Uchinoura (Black printed) cachet on Shinsei launch cover "Observing the solar radiation in the shortwave range, cosmic rays and the plasma in the ionosphere"
United States 1971-09-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover "Sun observatory ... to study Sun influence over Earth's [space] weather conditions"
United States 1971-09-29 Titusville FL (Goldcraft) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover "Looks at solar corona"
United States 1971-09-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover "To study solar corona" and "measure X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from [solar] plasma explosions causing disruptive communications in Earth's atmosphere"
United States 1971-09-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.7) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch (airmail) cover (incorrectly identified as "OSO-8"), also insert1 and insert2 "Will study solar white light corona"
United States 1971-09-29 Kennedy Space Center FL (Solar Covers no.28) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert "Creates artificial eclipses" (i.e. occults, or hides, the solar disk, to allow measurements of the solar corona); "The primary objective of OSO-7 is to study the solar corona, the faint outermost layer of the solar atmosphere normally seen only during solar eclipses. A circular occulting disk on a boom extending in front of the spacecraft will produce an artificial, man-made eclipse for an imaging camera" (on insert)
United States 1971-09-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Solar Covers no.28) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-09-29 Patrick AFB, FL (Solar Covers no.28) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-09-29 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert "Artificial eclipse disk" (occults, or hides, the solar disk, to allow measurements of the solar corona) (in cachet); "A 'Sun watch' satellite was launched ... to monitor the outer atmosphere, [solar] flares, nuclear furnaces and other phenomena of the Sun" (on insert)
United States 1971-09-29 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Space Voyage blue and orange) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-09-29 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-10-17 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Space Voyage) cachet on FRUSA launch cover, also insert "Solar Storm Eye in Space"; "to determine [the] effect of solar storms on polar regions"
United States 1971-10-17 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (InterSpace Cover) cachet on FRUSA launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-10-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on ITOS-B [failed] launch cover "Detection of energetic solar particles in Earth's vicinity"
Kenya 1971-11-15 Malindi (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-45 launch cover, also insert "To investigate magnetic disturbances, inner magnetosphere and solar flares"⁴; also "The Earth's magnetosphere is an enormous teardrop-shaped region surrounding the Earth and is formed by the solar wind - a supersonic stream of particles - 'blowing' on the Earth's magnetic field" (in insert text)
United States 1971-11-15 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-45 launch cover "to study the dynamic processes occurring in the inner magnetosphere, from 2 to 5.4 Earth radii"
United States 1971-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Space Voyage) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover, also insert "Study of upper ionosphere and magnetic storms"
United States 1971-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Solar Covers no.29) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover, also insert "To expand our knowledge of the environment of the Earth's upper ionosphere, especially during magnetic storms ..."
United States 1971-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.11) insert1 from Ariel-4 launch (airmail) cover, also front and insert2 "Observing magnetic storms in the ionosphere"
United States 1971-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.11) insert1 from Ariel-4 launch (airmail) cover (with signature), also front and insert2
United States 1971-12-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.11) insert1 from Ariel-4 launch (airmail) cover (with signature, different), also front and insert2
United States 1971-12-11 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover "investigate the interactions between electromagnetic waves, plasmas and energetic particles in the upper ionosphere"
Germany (West) 1972-01-31 Bochum (InterCover) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover "designed to explore Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind" (in German text)
United States 1972-01-31 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.15) cachet on HEOS-2 launch (airmail) cover, also insert1 and/or insert2and/or insert3 "Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind" (in text and depicted)
United States 1972-01-31 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Space Voyage) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover, also insert "High latitude magnetosphere"
United States 1972-01-31 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover "magnetosphere"; drawing of solar wind and magnetosphere
United States 1972-01-31 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Black printed) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover "High latitude magnetosphere"
United States 1972-01-31 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Solar Covers no.34) insert from HEOS-2 launch cover, also front "The satellite will study the magnetosphere, the huge teardrop-shaped envelope surrounding the Earth. It is formed by the solar wind "blowing" on the Earth's magnetic field". It will also "investigate the strength and direction of the magnetic fields encountered, the energy distribution of protons and electrons [and] the nature of the solar winds"
United States 1972-03-03 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) insert1 from Pioneer-10 launch cover, also insert2 and front After exploring Jupiter, "Pioneer-10 will cruise on into the far reaches of the solar system to look for where the solar wind stops blowing. The solar wind is an extension of the atmosphere of the Sun and consists of hot, electrically-charged gases flowing out in all directions at average speeds of 1 million miles per hour"
United States 1972-03-03 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) insert1 from Pioneer-10 launch cover, also insert2 and front
United States 1972-03-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Blue printed) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover, also insert "make measurements of high-energy X-ray spectrum of the Sun [and] investigate primary particles of cosmic and solar origin [and] solar proton fluxes"
United States 1972-03-11 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers orange) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover "Study high energy emissions from stellar and Sun sources, study X-rays and gamma rays without atmospheric interference, study composition of primary particles of solar and cosmic origin"
United States 1972-03-11 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers gold) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover
United States 1972-03-11 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers yellow-orange) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover
United States 1972-03-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Space Voyage) insert from on ESRO-TD1A launch cover, also front "measure regions of the high-energy X-ray spectrum of the Sun, and ... measure composition of primary particles of cosmic and solar origin as well as proton fluxes"
United States 1972-03-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Solar Covers no.35) insert from ESRO-TD1A launch cover, also front Satellite was able to measure "regions of the high-energy X-ray spectrum of the Sun, and ... [the] composition of primary particles of cosmic and solar origin, as well as proton fluxes".
United States 1972-04-16 USPS (Black rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-16 launch cover "4th Weather Wing ... Space Environment Division ... Air Weather Service ... Observe, Report, Analyze, Predict Solar Activity and Disturbances"
Italy 1972-04-20 Perdasdefogu (Perdasdefogu rocket range) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover "Magnetometro fisso" (fixed lunar surface magnetometer (LSM)) and "Magnetometro portatile" (portable magnetometer)
United States 1972-04-20 Washington DC (Smithsonian blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover The "lunar surface ultraviolet camera/spectrograph" mostly made astronomical observations, but also was pointed at Earth to study the upper atmosphere and the auroras.
Australia 1972-04-21 Two Wells SA (Green rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover "Buckland Park, world's largest Ionoscope aerial array⁷"
United States 1972-04-24 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover "Solar wind" and diagram of magnetosphere
United States 1972-04-24 Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel) (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert "To measure magnetic fields [and] solar wind particles"
United States 1972-04-24 Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel) (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States 1972-04-24 Titusville FL (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States 1972-04-24 Cape Canaveral FL (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States 1972-04-24 Houston TX (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States 1972-04-25 Patrick AFB, FL (Solar Covers no.39) insert from Apollo-16 event cover, also front the "experiment Microbial Response in Space Environment was designed to determine the response of selected microorganisms to [the] space environment"; "60 million microorganisms" were "exposed to the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun"; also, the "Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED) [was placed] outside the command module for 10 minutes of exposure to the direct rays of the Sun"
United States 1972-09-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert "Measure changes in Earth's magnetic tail as affected by [the] solar wind"; measure the nature and effect of "cosmic rays" including the hypothesis that they are the "source of radiation trapped in the Van Allen Belts"; [the IMP satellites] "produced the first accurate measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field and the first mapping of Earth's magnetic tail. They have also served as an early-warning system for Apollo astronauts on dangerously high radiation doses resulting from solar eruptions" (from FDC and insert)
United States 1972-09-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States 1972-09-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States 1972-09-22 Cape Canaveral FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States 1972-09-22 Patrick AFB, FL (inverted) (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States 1972-09-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover "Study galactic & solar cosmic rays, plasma & electrical field tests, check solar flare⁴ danger to Apollo-17 launch"
United States 1972-09-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover "to survey interplanetary radiation, the solar wind and magnetic fields"
United States 1972-09-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover
United States 1972-09-23 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover "Studying solar and galactic cosmic radiation, solar plasma, solar wind, energetic particles, ..."
United States 1972-09-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.33) insert from Explorer-47 launch (airmail) cover, also front "will be able to measure the changes of Earth's magnetic tail as the changing solar wind 'weather' disturbs Earth's environment"; also "Continue solar flare⁴ detection" (on front)
United States 1972-09-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (CISCO/Fydo "Eyewitness to Space" Cover no.8) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert "study of magnetic fields, particles and solar flare protection for astronauts"
United States 1972-10-02 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Radcat-2 and Radsat launch cover carried "5 payloads" that made measurements related to space weather, including an "ionosphere particle identifier", a "gamma spectrometer" and an "ultraviolet radiation payload"
United States 1972-10-15 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Polar Covers) cachet on NOAA-2 and OSCAR-6 launch cover, also back and insert and insert back "Solar Proton Monitor"
United States 1972-10-15 Lompoc CA (Polar Covers) cachet on NOAA-2 and OSCAR-6 launch cover, also back and insert and insert back
United States 1972-11-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.41) cachet on ESRO-4 launch (airmail) cover, also insert1 and insert2 "Polar ionosphere monitor; monitor Sun flares⁴; study high energy solar particles in polar regions"
United States 1972-11-21 Lompoc CA (Polar Covers) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover "Studies ionosphere and solar particles"
United States 1972-11-21 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Polar Covers) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover
United States 1972-11-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover "to study the Aurora Borealis and related phenomena of the polar atmosphere"
United States 1972-11-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers orange) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover "Six scientific and technological experiments to measure and investigate [the] polar [not "plora"] atmosphere"
United States 1972-11-21 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers yellow) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover
United States 1972-12-16 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Aeros-1 launch cover "To measure ... the solar ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength band of main absorption"
United States 1973-04-05 Patrick AFB, FL (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.44) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover, also insert "extensive survey of Jupiter's atmosphere, radiation, temperatures, magnetic fields and chemical composition"
United States 1973-04-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover To measure Jupiter's "radiation and magnetic fields"
United States 1973-04-06 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover "To measure Jupiter's radiation [and] magnetic field"
Spain 1973-04-06 Cebreros (Ávila province) (Red printed) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
United States 1973-05-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-1⁶ launch cover "Solar telescope to study Sun"
United States 1973-05-15 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Skylab⁶ launch cover "NOAA Space Environment Lab, Space Environment Forecast Center"; "Space Environment support to Skylab"; depiction of solar prominence; symbolic solar wind moving toward Skylab and Earth
United States 1973-05-25 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ launch cover, also detail Solar prominence
United States 1973-05-25 Kennedy Space Center FL Insert from Skylab-2⁶ launch cover (mission patch cachet and signatures), also insert back, and cover front "Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)⁵ - Scientific module for [the] study of solar phenomena"
United States 1973-05-30 Kennedy Space Center FL (Mission patch and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ event cover "Solar [and] ERTS experiments" ("solar experiments" refers to solar flare⁴ observations)
United States 1973-06-10 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-49 launch cover Depiction of solar wind interacting with Earth's magnetosphere
United States 1973-06-15 Houston TX (Red logo and black rubber-stamp) cachets on Skylab-2⁶ event cover "solar flare"⁴ observations
United States 1973-06-19 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ event cover "over 30,000 photographs taken by the solar telescope" (refers to the ATM⁵)
United States 1973-06-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ event cover "80% of [planned] solar telescope exp[eriments] ... completed" (refers to experiments using the ATM⁵)
United States 1973-07-16 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on ITOS-E [failed] launch cover "Solar wind" and solar "cosmic rays"
United States 1973-07-28 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover, also insert "Scientific emphasis on solar study"; also "study the physics of the Sun" (in insert text)
United States 1973-08-09 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Port Philatelic Society) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover; (also Space Port Local Post FDC) Skylab-3⁶ solar observations made on this date using the ATM⁵ include this false-colour image of a solar prominence
United States 1973-08-10 Houston TX (Blue logo and black rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover "Sun radiation" observations (refers to observations of the solar corona using a coronagraph³)
United States 1973-08-21 Houston TX (Mission patch) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover observation of a "Sun eruption"
United States 1973-08-22 Houston TX (Blue printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover "ATM"⁵, used in solar observations from Skylab)
United States 1973-08-24 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover Astronauts Lousma and Garriot "change film in solar telescope cameras [and] adjust doors on solar telescope" (the "solar telescope" is the ATM⁵)
United States 1973-08-31 Houston TX (Yellow-orange printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover "spotted two small solar flares"⁴
United States 1973-09-02 Houston TX (Green printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover "Small solar flare⁴ observed"
United States 1973-09-03 Houston TX (Blue logo and black rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover solar "storm study"
United States 1973-09-05 Houston TX (Green printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover "Two solar flares⁴ observed"
United States 1973-09-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover Skylab's ATM⁵ housed several instruments (including a "white light coronagraph³") that recorded "explosions on the Sun that interfere with Earth's weather and communications"
United States 1973-09-25 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ landing cover gathered "77,600 Sun photos" (using the ATM⁵)
United States 1973-10-25 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover "Study the cislunar radiation environment over significant portion of solar cycle, interplanetary magnetic field and Earth's magnetosphere"
United States 1973-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover Study "Earth's magnetosphere" and "develop solar-flare⁴ prediction capability and determine radiation hazard for manned missions to the planets"
United States 1973-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS and red logo) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States 1973-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS and blue logo) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States 1973-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover "Study of magnetosphere"
United States 1973-10-26 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States 1973-10-26 Cape Canaveral FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States 1973-10-26 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover "Measuring energy particals (i.e. energetic particles), plasma & magnetic and electrical fields. To compare [with] data of Mariner and Pioneer spacecraft for separating the effects of [the] Sun from those of the galaxy"
United States 1973-11-03 Cape Canaveral FL (Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Mariner-10 launch cover "Solar wind" and "Plasma shock front"
United States 1973-11-06 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on NOAA-3 launch cover "Solar wind", solar "cosmic rays", and "solar proton monitor"
United States 1973-11-16 Washington DC (pictorial cancel) (Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover The primary mission of the Naval Research Lab's "Far UV Observatory" (aka the Extreme UV Spectroheliograph) was to observe, from Skylab, the solar chromosphere, transition region and low corona in the wavelength range 150 - 615 Angstroms
United States 1973-11-16 Washington DC (text cancel) (Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover
United States 1973-11-16 Kennedy Space Center FL (IASP blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover
United States 1973-11-16 Kennedy Space Center FL Insert from Skylab-4⁶ launch cover (mission patch cachet and signatures), also insert back, and cover front "Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)⁵ - Scientific module for [the] study of solar phenomena"
United States 1973-11-16 USPS (NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover "NOAA Space Environment Lab, Space Environment Forecast Center"; "Space Environment support to Skylab"; depiction of solar prominence; symbolic solar wind moving toward Skylab and Earth
United States 1973-11-16 USPS (NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Skylab-4⁶ launch (airmail) cover
United States 1973-11-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover Astronauts Pogue and Gibson "deploy cosmic ray experiments and replace film in five solar telescopes" (refers to film for the ATM⁵)
United States 1973-11-23 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover "Reload solar telescope" (refers to film for the ATM⁵)
United States 1973-11-23 Houston TX (MSC) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover "ATM operations" (refers to the Apollo Telescope Mount⁵)
Austria 1973-12-03 Gmünd (Red printed) cachet on Pioneer-10 event cover Carried instruments that could gather data useful in the study of space weather: "magnetometer, plasma analyzer, particle telescope, radiation meter, Geiger counter ... UV spectrometer, polarimeter" (in German text)
United States 1973-12-10 Houston TX (MSC) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover "S055 experiment" (the S055, part of the ATM⁵, was a UV spectrometer used for solar observations)
United States 1973-12-11 Houston TX (MSC) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover "S054 image problem" (the S054, part of the ATM⁵, was an X-ray spectrographic telescope used for solar observations)
United States 1973-12-15 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-51 launch cover Depiction of solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere
United States 1974-01-17 Houston TX (MSC yellow-gold printed) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover Depictions of "solar activity" including solar "surge[s]", a "rising [solar] prominence" and a solar "flare"⁴; "crew views prominence"
United States 1974-01-20 Houston TX (MSC brown printed) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover "Sun spot viewed" (part of mission of solar observation)
United States 1974-01-24 Houston TX (MSC yellow-gold printed) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover observations of solar "surge", "flare"⁴ and "rising prominence"
United States 1974-01-28 Patrick AFB, FL (Orange-brown rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover "Solar observations"; "Astronaut Ed Gibson observes solar activity"
United States 1974-01-28 Cape Canaveral FL (Orange-brown rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover
United States 1974-02-05 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover studied the "magnetic field" of Venus
United States 1974-02-05 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover
United States 1974-02-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover
United States 1974-02-05 Cape Canaveral FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover
Germany (West) 1974-02-05 Berlin Back of Skylab-4⁶ event cover, also annotated, and front The SWCE² (set up to the right of the LEM)
United States 1974-02-11 Cape Canaveral FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover "SPHINX¹⁵ satellite - Space plasma high voltage interaction experiment"
United States 1974-02-11 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover
United States 1974-02-11 Orlando FL, Kennedy Space Center Branch (SCPS ser.74/2 no.207) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover "SPHINX¹⁵ - "experimental spacecraft will test space plasma effect on high voltage insulating systems"
United States 1974-02-11 Orlando FL, Kennedy Space Center Branch (SCPS, no logo) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover
Austria 1974-03-29 Gmünd (Gmünder Weltraumfreunde) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover carried some instruments that could gather data useful in the study of space weather: "UV-Spektrometer, Magnetometer, Plasma Sonde, Teilchen Detektor [particle detector]"
United States 1974-03-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover measured Mercury's "magnetic field" and its "solar wind interaction"
United States 1974-05-17 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on SMS-1 launch cover "Monitor solar flare⁴ activity", "satellite monitors conditions of the Sun"
United States 1974-06-03 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Centennial) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover "to investigate the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field"
United States 1974-06-03 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover To "study interaction of solar wind conditions ... [and] Earth's magnetic field"
United States 1974-06-03 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover "studies relevant to solar wind injection into the magnetosphere"
United States 1974-06-03 Vandenberg AFB, CA (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover
United States 1974-06-03 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Sarzin?) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover The primary objective was "to investigate the interaction of the solar wind with emphasis on the North Polar [Ice] Cap"
United States 1974-08-14 Cape Canaveral FL (MoF no.18) insert back from Explorer-6 anniversary-of-launch cover, also insert front and cover front studied the "interaction between the outer region of the Van Allen radiation belts and the solar wind"
United States 1974-11-15 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Space Voyage) cachet on NOAA-4 and Intasat and OSCAR-7 and Intasat launch cover "measures electron content of ionosphere"
United States 1974-11-15 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on NOAA-4 and Intasat and OSCAR-7 and Intasat launch cover "worldwide observation of the Total Electron Content (TEC), ionospheric irregularities and scintillations"
United States 1974-11-15 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet (and signature) on NOAA-4 and Intasat and OSCAR-7 and Intasat launch cover
United States 1974-12-02 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Pioneer-11 event cover "Observe [Jupiter's] magnetic field; radiation belt 40,000 x that of Earth"
Spain 1974-12-10 Madrid (Blue printed) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover "Measures the solar wind [and] magnetic and electrical fields"
United States 1974-12-10 Cape Canaveral FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover To "measure Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States 1974-12-10 Cape Canaveral FL (SCPS ser.74/19) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover, also back "will measure the direction and energy of sub-atomic particles, micrometeoroids, X-rays and magnetic fields that make up the solar wind"
United States 1974-12-10 Kennedy Space Center FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover "measure solar wind, magnetic field, solar and galactic rays and electromagnetic waves"
United States 1975-02-06 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover "measure proton, electron, solar X-rays and magnetic fields"
United States 1975-02-06 Cape Canaveral FL (InterSpace Cover) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover
United States 1975-02-06 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover
United States 1975-02-06 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover "monitoring space environment"
United States 1975-02-06 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover "Monitor solar flare⁴ activity", "satellite monitors conditions of the Sun"
Australia 1975-03-15 Adelaide SA (Purple and red and green rubber-stamp) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "to measure magnetic fields, solar particles and cosmic rays from both the Sun and other parts of the universe"
United States 1975-03-15 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "Measurements of Sun's surface and solar wind"
United States 1975-03-15 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet (and signature) on Helios-1 event cover
United States 1975-03-16 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover "Investigation of solar wind and cosmic ray particles"
United States 1975-03-16 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet (different) on Mariner-10 event cover
Australia 1975-04-21 Adelaide SA (Black printed) cachet on Aryabhata launch cover "studies X-ray emission from outer space, solar neutrons and gamma rays emanating from the Sun"
Australia 1975-09-10 Adelaide SA (Green rubber-stamp) cachet on Viking-2 launch cover "World's largest Ionoscope aerial array⁷, Buckland Park, S.A."
United States 1975-10-16 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on GOES-1 launch cover "monitor solar flare⁴ activity"
United States 1975-12-05 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Orbit Covers) cachet on DAD Explorer [failed] launch cover "Study rate atmosphere is escaping from Earth"
United States 1975-12-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on DSP-5 launch cover "Plasma probe sensor"; "Faraday cup"; "Omnidirectional proton spectrometers"; "Directional particle detectors"; "Magnetometer sensor"
United States 1976-01-15 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover "measure solar wind, magnetic field, solar and galactic rays and electromagnetic waves"
United States 1976-01-15 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover "to study solar wind, solar and galactic cosmic rays"
United States 1976-01-15 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover "to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States 1976-01-15 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage blue and orange) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover
United States 1976-01-15 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage blue and orange) cachet (slightly different) on Helios-2 launch cover
United States 1976-01-15 (year inverted) Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover "to investigate ... the Sun's outer corona"
United States 1976-01-15 (year inverted) Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet (and signatures) on Helios-2 launch cover
United States 1976-03-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SolRad-11A/11B and LES-8/9 launch cover "To detect solar flares⁴ that affect navigation and communications"
United States 1976-03-15 Kennedy Space Center FL (NRL) folder inside5, also inside1 and inside2 and inside3 and inside4 and SolRad-11A/11B and LES-8/9 launch front "Earth's solar radiation environment", with schematic solar flares, magnetosphere and "aurorae"
United States 1976-03-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "to study solar electric waves and particles"
United States 1976-04-16 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "To measure [the] Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States 1976-10-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "Measure Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States 1977-04-20 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on ESA-GEOS-1 launch cover "To explore magnetic and electric fields 22,300 miles above Earth at the equator"
United States 1977-04-20 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on ESA-GEOS-1 launch cover "study magnetic and electric fields surrounding Earth"
United States 1977-04-20 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on ESA-GEOS-1 launch cover "Designed to make integrated scientific studies of the magnetosphere"
United States 1977-04-23 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States 1977-07-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on GMS-1 launch cover "monitor solar flare⁴ activity"
United States 1977-08-20 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Master no.8) cachet on Voyager-2 launch cover, also back "Measure magnetosphere of Jupiter"
United States 1977-09-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Master no.9) cachet on Voyager-1 launch cover, also back "Measure magnetosphere of Jupiter"
Russia (USSR) 1977-09-29 Kosmodrome Baikonur (Red rubber-stamp) cachet on Prognoz-6 launch cover Symbolic solar storms, solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere
United States 1977-10-21 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage, no logo) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "study of Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States 1977-10-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover Depiction of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere
United States 1977-10-22 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover "will investigate solar-terrestrial relationships at the outermost boundaries of the Earth's magnetosphere and will examine in detail the solar wind near Earth and the shock wave which forms the interface between the solar wind and the Earth"
United States 1977-10-22 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover "to obtain detailed Earth magnetosphere and solar data"

United States 1977-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover
United States 1977-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover "To study the magnetosphere and other phenomena in the near-Earth environment"
United States 1978-01-31 Pasadena CA (Gold printed) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover "discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts around the Earth"
United States 1978-01-31 Cape Canaveral FL (Blue printed) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover
United States 1978-01-31 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Whitney blue) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover "Van Allan (sic) radiation belt"
United States 1978-01-31 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Whitney blue) cachet (and signature) on (airmail) Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover
United States 1978-04-29 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "to study solar electric waves and particles"
United States 1978-07-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover Investigate "waves and particles in magnetosphere"
United States 1978-07-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover
United States 1978-07-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover To "study magnetic and electric fields surrounding Earth"
United States 1978-07-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (Centennial) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover "This satellite will become a reference for ongoing international magnetospheric study"
United States 1978-07-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover
United States 1978-07-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover "Will study magnetic field which surrounds Earth"
United States 1978-07-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet (and signature) on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover
United States 1978-08-08 Kennedy Space Center FL (KSC Philatelic Society) cachet on Pioneer-13 launch cover studied the "interaction of atmosphere and solar wind"
Spain 1978-08-12 Madrid (Orange printed) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover "Examines in detail the structure of the solar wind near the Earth"
United States 1978-08-12 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover Depiction of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere
United States 1978-08-12 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover "aligned with ISEE 1 and 2 to obtain comparative magnetosphere and solar data"
United States 1978-08-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover
United States 1978-08-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover "Will join two other ISEE spacecraft in orbit to study effects of solar radiation on Earth's magnetic field
United States 1978-08-12 Cape Canaveral FL (Whitney orange and blue) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch (airmail) cover "To study the Earth's magnetic field and gamma ray bursts"
United States 1978-11-01 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States 1978-11-05 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "study of properties & processes close to the Sun"
United States 1972-12-18 Cape Canaveral FL (Orbit Covers) cachet on Apollo-17 event cover "Particles & Fields"; depiction of Earth's magnetosphere under the influence of the solar wind
United States 1979-01-30 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SCATHA launch cover "to prevent buildup of static electric charge on high altitude spacecraft"
United States 1979-01-30 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SCATHA launch cover
United States 1979-01-30 GSFC, MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on SCATHA launch cover "to measure the characteristics of the electron charging process during high altitude orbits, to determine the response of the satellite charging and to evaluate techniques which may correct the problem"
United States 1979-01-30 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on SCATHA launch cover "designed to find solutions to the problem of 'static charging' which has damaged previous satellites"
United States 1979-01-30 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet (and signature) on SCATHA launch cover
United States 1979-02-24 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Solwind launch cover "To determine the nature and extent of solar wind effects on the Earth's magnetosphere and near-Earth environment"
United States 1979-02-24¹ Vandenberg AFB, CA (Zaso silk/IASP no.9) cachet on Solwind launch cover made measurements of the solar wind in the Earth's magnetosphere and near-Earth environment; instrumentation included "solar flare⁴ ozone detectors"
United States 1979-02-24 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Zaso silk/IASP no.9) cachet on Solwind launch cover
United States 1979-05-08 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States 1979-07-11 Washington DC (Smithsonian multi-color printed) cachet on Skylab re-entry cover "Skylab falls due to undue sunspot activity causing it to lose orbital capability¹⁰"
United States 1979-11-07 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "to study solar electric waves and particles"
United States 1980-02-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover "to provide scientists with observations of solar flares⁴ over many wavelengths to learn the causes of solar flares⁴ and how they might be predicted"; "solar flares⁴ are expected to occur most frequently near the maximum of the Sun's eleven-year cycle"
United States 1980-02-14 Cape Canaveral FL (Space Voyage) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover
United States 1980-02-14 Greenbelt MD (Space Voyage) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover
United States 1980-02-14 Kennedy Space Center FL (SCPS) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover To "monitor eruptions on the Sun during 1980, a peak year in solar disturbances"
United States 1980-02-14 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover "to provide a facility for the study of solar activity during the next solar maximum and to gain a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of solar flares"⁴
United States 1980-05-12 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "Measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
United States 1980-11-14 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover "measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
United States 1980-12-05 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
United States 1981-02-20 Greenbelt MD (Space Voyage orange and brown) cachet on Astro-A launch cover "scientific measurement of solar X-rays, magnetic fields and electron particles"
Japan 1981-02-21 Uchinoura (Space Voyage orange the purple) cachet on Astro-A launch cover
Japan 1981-02-21 Tsukubagakuen (Space Voyage orange and blue) cachet on Astro-A launch cover
United States 1981-04-12 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL black rubber-stamp) cachet on STS-1 launch (airmail) cover "NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States 1981-08-03 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-62 and Explorer-63 launch cover Earth's "magnetosphere" and "ionosphere, upper atmosphere and plasmasphere"; also depiction of magnetospheric field lines
United States 1981-08-03 Greenbelt MD (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-62 and Explorer-63 launch cover "To study the interaction between Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere"; also depection of some of "Earth's magnetic field lines"
United States 1981-12-20 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
United States 1982-03-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (Orbit Cachets) cachet on STS-3 launch cover The mission's OSS-1 (Office of Space Science 1) package included "plasma diagnostics", a "solar flare⁴ X-ray polarimeter", a "vehicle charging and potential experiment" and a "solar UV monitor"
United States 1982-03-22 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL black rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on STS-3 launch cover "NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States 1982-03-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel) (Pale green mission patch) cachet on STS-3 launch cover The PDP (Plasma Diagnostic Package), held by the Canadarm, made various measurements of variables related to space weather
United States 1982-03-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel) (Grey mission patch) cachet on STS-3 launch cover
United States 1982-03-22 Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel) (Blue mission patch) cachet on STS-3 launch cover
United States 1982-03-26 Kennedy Space Center FL (Quadracolor?) cachet on STS-3 event cover The STS-3 mission tested the grappling and manipulation of the PDP (the "plasma diagnostic package") but did not deploy it. The PDP was finally deployed, in 1985, during STS-51F/Challenger.
United States 1982-11-11 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL black rubber-stamp) cachet on STS-5 launch and SBS-3 deployment (airmail) cover "NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States 1983-01-31 Cape Canaveral FL (Black printed) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary card "Discovering the Van Allen radiation belts"
United States 1983-02-08 Greenbelt MD (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover "will study solar wind - comet interaction"
Japan 1983-02-20 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on Astro-B launch cover "scientific measurement of solar X-rays, magnetic fields and electron particles"
United States 1983-04-04 San Bernardino CA (Boudwin black and purple rubber-stamp) cachet on STS-6 launch and TDRS-1 deployment (airmail) cover "Big Bear Solar Observatory" (makes a wide variety of solar observations)
United States 1983-04-04 Kennedy Space Center FL (Rockwell International) insert back from STS-6 launch and TDRS-1 deployed cover, also insert front and cover front As part of Spacelab-2, "two telescopes are on board, one to study infrared sources, the other to investigate solar flares⁴, sunspots and [the] solar wind through observations of ultraviolet wavelengths. Spacelab-2 instruments also measure the composition of cosmic rays at high energies, X-ray emissions from clusters of galaxies, and the effects of the orbiter itself on the space plasma environment. Three solar physics experiments examine the Sun's magnetic field and solar wind, the abundance of helium in the Sun's corona, and specific wavelengths of solar ultraviolet fluxes"
Spain 1983-06-13 Madrid (Space Voyage green and blue) cachet on Pioneer-10 event cover "Study of Sun's heliosphere (created by Sun's million MPH solar wind) continues"
United States 1983-06-13 Barstow CA (Space Voyage cyan and purple and tan) cachet on Pioneer-10 event cover

United States 1983-06-13
1981-05-21 Barstow CA
Kennedy Space Center FL (Space Voyage orange and green) cachet on Pioneer-10 event cover Diagram of heliosphere with "solar wind" and "solar storm"; "Study of Sun's heliosphere (created by Sun's million MPH solar wind) continues"

Australia 1983-06-14 Canberra ACT (Space Voyage brown and purple) cachet on Pioneer-10 event cover "Study of Sun's heliosphere (created by Sun's million MPH solar wind) continues"
United States 1983-11-28 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL black rubber-stamp) cachet on STS-9 launch cover "NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora; Spacelab-1, flown aboard STS-9, was designed for five broad research areas, two of which were space plasma physics, and astronomy and solar physics
United States 1983-11-28 Houston TX (Pictorial) cancel and (Ranski) cachet on STS-9 launch cover "First Spacelab mission"; Spacelab-1, flown aboard STS-9, was designed for five broad research areas, two of which were space plasma physics, and astronomy and solar physics
United States 1983-11-28 Kennedy Space Center FL (Pictorial) cancel and (Ranski) cachet on STS-9 launch cover "Spacelab-1", flown aboard STS-9, was designed for five broad research areas, two of which were space plasma physics, and astronomy and solar physics
United States 1984-02-03 Boulder CO (NOAA-SEL black rubber-stamp) cachet on STS-41B and Westar-6 deployment (airmail) cover "NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
Chile 1984-08-16 Santiago (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-65 launch cover "AMPTE - Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracking Explorer"
United States 1984-08-16 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-65 launch cover "Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers" studied solar wind energetic particles in the magnetosphere
United States 1984-08-16 Cape Canaveral FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on Explorer-65 launch cover "Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers"
United States 1984-08-16 Greenbelt MD (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-65 launch cover "Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers"
United States 1984-08-16 Merritt Island FL (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-65 launch cover
United States 1984-12-27 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-65 launch cover
United States 1985-02-02 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
Russia (USSR) 1985-04-26 Kosmodrome Baikonur (Multi-color printed and red rubber-stamp) cachets on Prognoz-10 / IK-23 launch cover depiction of magnetosphere
United States 1985-05-06 Edwards AFB, CA (Zaso silk/IASP no.100) cachet on STS-51B landing cover "Challenger became the first American manned spacecraft to pass through an aurora, doing so 3 times; 18 displays of aurorae, [and] charged particles from the solar wind were photographed".
Romania 1985-07-18 Oradea 9 (Judbh) (Black printed) cachet on Mariner-4 anniversary card In addition to providing the first photographs of another planet from space, Mariner-4 "obtained scientific information about solar plasma, solar protons of different energies, electrons, alpha particles, cosmic radiation, and the intensity and direction of the Martian magnetic field" (in Romanian text).
United States 1985-07-29 Kennedy Space Center FL (RSDSC) insert back from STS-26 (51F) launch cover, also insert front and cover front Carried a telescope "to investigate solar flares⁴, sunspots and solar wind through observations of ultraviolet wavelengths"; also measured "the composition of cosmic rays at high energies ... and the effects of the orbiter itself on the space plasma environment"; also, one solar physics experiment examined "the Sun's magnetic field and solar wind"
United States 1985-08-01 Kennedy Space Center FL (Zaso silk/IASP no.107) cachet on STS-26 (51F) event cover The PDP (Plasma Diagnostic Package) was a sub-satellite deployed by the Space Shuttle "to study the effect of the shuttle on plasma in space"
United States 1985-07-29 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on STS-26 (51F) launch cover "Cosmic Ray Nuclei Experiment"
United States 1985-11-04 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage brown and pink and red) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover "study of Uranus' magnetosphere"
Australia 1986-01-24 Canberra ACT (Space Voyage blue and tan and red) cachet on Voyager-2 launch cover "study of Uranus' magnetosphere"
United States 1986-01-24 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage green and pink and red) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover
United States 1986-01-24 Barstow CA (Space Voyage black and pink and red) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover
Japan 1986-03-11 Usuda (Colorano silk) cachet on MS-T5 event cover "measuring the speed, density and temperature of the solar wind as it blows against the tail of Halley's Comet"
Japan 1986-03-11 Usuda (Space Voyage purple and tan and orange) cachet on MS-T5 event cover "to measure effect of solar wind on [Halley's] comet's tail"
United States 1986-03-14 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover "Measure Sun's electric waves and particles"
Australia 1986-03-25 Canberra ACT (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover "Study of solar wind upwind from comet"
Spain 1986-03-25 Madrid (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover
United States 1986-03-25 Pasadena CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover
United States 1986-03-25 Barstow CA (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover
United States 1986-03-25 Greenbelt MD (Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover
United States 1986-03-25 Greenbelt MD (Zaso silk) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE event cover "studies [the] solar wind effect on [Halley's] Comet's tail"
United States 1986-11-13 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Carsten Fuchs/Ken Havekotte) cachet on Polar BEAR launch cover "Polar Beacon Experiments and Auroral Research"
Japan 1988-02-22 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on EXOS-D launch cover "Magnetosphere research" and observing "auroral particles and auroral emissions"
Japan 1988-02-22 Katsuura (Space Voyage) cachet on EXOS-D launch cover
Japan 1989-08-25 Usuda (Space Voyage) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover "Study of Neptune's magnetosphere, atmospheric composition and weather"
United States 1990-04-11 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Boudwin black rubber-stamp, based on a Swanson design, and black rubber-stamp text) cachet on Stacksat-1/2/3 and PDD launch (airmail) cover The mission of Stacksat-1 (also known as POGS, the Polar Orbiting Geomagnetic Survey) was to "survey Earth's magnetic field"
United States 1991-06-05 Kennedy Space Center FL (Mission patch) cachet on STS-40 launch cover Carried the self-contained Getaway Special (GAS) G-616 canister, which included experiments to measure the effect of cosmic radiation on static computer media (such as floppy disks) and on plant seeds
United States 1991-06-05
1991-06-05 Kennedy Space Center FL
Nassau Bay Branch, Houston TX (Magenta and cyan rubber-stamp) cachets on STS-40 launch cover
United States 1991-06-29 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Black printed) cachet on REX launch cover tested communications components in a high radiation environment of the ionosphere
United States 1991-08-12 Marshall Space Flight Center AL (Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on CRRES event (airmail) cover satellite and illustration of the Van Allen belts
United States 1992-03-24 (in pencil) none (Lollini) cachet on STS-45 launch cover The "ATLAS⁴-1" payload studied "Space Plasma" and "Atmosphere - Solar - Earth Science"
United States 1992-03-24 Kennedy Space Center FL Insert from STS-45 launch cover, also (mission patch) front The goals of the ATLAS⁴-1 payload included the study of "solar physics" and "space plasma physics"
United States 1992-03-25 Houston TX (Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on STS-45 launch cover The "ATLAS⁴-1" payload studied "Space Plasma" and "Atmosphere - Solar - Earth Science"
United States 1992-10-22 Sunspot NM (Text) cancel and (red rubber-stamp) cachet (return address) on LAGEOS-2 launch cover Sunspot NM (post office); National Solar Observatory
United States 1993-04-11
1993-04-13 Houston TX
Houston TX (Cyan and black printed) cachet on STS-56 and SPARTAN-201-F1 cover "to study the Sun's corona and the solar wind".
French Guiana 1993-07-22 Kourou (KPS?) cachet on Insat-2B launch card "Solar wind" (in French text)
United States 1994-09-09 Kennedy Space Center FL Insert from STS-64 and SPARTAN-201-F2 event cover (mission patch cachet), also front "The second flight of the ... payload will gather further data on the acceleration and velocity of the solar wind, and measure aspects of the Sun's corona in support of the Ulysses spacecraft's south polar pass of the Sun"
United States 1994-09-13 Nassau Bay Branch, Houston TX (Black printed) cachet on STS-64 and SPARTAN-201-F2 event cover "[studying] sources of the solar wind"
United States 1994-11-01 Greenbelt MD (GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Wind launch cover "will study the properties of particles and waves in the region between the Earth and Sun"
United States 1994-11-01 Cape Canaveral FL Insert from Wind launch cover (with multi-color cachet), also front "will measure properties of the solar wind before it reaches the Earth"
United States 1994-11-01 Cape Canaveral FL (Black printed) cachet on Wind launch cover "Sun - Earth environment spacecraft"
United States 1995-12-07 Pasadena CA Insert from Galileo event cover, also insert back and cover front "Galileo will investigate "the structure and physical dynamics of Jupiter's complex magnetosphere"
United States 1997-11-19 Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel) Insert from STS-87 and SPARTAN-201-F4 event cover (mission patch cachet), also front "a satellite that will take measurements of the solar wind"
United States 1997-11-19 Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel) Insert from STS-87 and SPARTAN-201-F4 event cover (mission patch cachet), also front
United States 1998-04-01 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (B&D) cachet on Explorer-73 launch cover TRACE satellite ("Transition Region and [Solar] Coronal Explorer")
United States 1998-04-01 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Black printed) cachet on Explorer-73 launch cover
United States 1998-04-01 Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB (Red monochrome mission patch) cachet on Explorer-73 launch cover
United States 2002-02-05 Cape Canaveral FL (B&D) cachet on Explorer-81 (HESSI) launch cover "The spacecraft will take unique high-resolution images of solar flares⁴ in X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths"
United States 2002-02-05 Cape Canaveral FL (SCP mission-patch sticker) cachet on Explorer-81 (HESSI) launch cover "High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager"
United States 2003-01-06 Vandenberg AFB, Lompoc CA (Space Voyage 2000/Lollini) cachet on Coriolis launch cover Carried the "SMEI" ("Solar Mass Ejection Imager"), whose solar wind measurements could be combined with other solar observations to create 3-D representations of CMEs⁵ and related solar phenomena
United States 2003-01-06 Vandenberg AFB, Lompoc CA (Multi-color printed) cachet on Coriolis launch cover
United States 2003-01-06 Vandenberg AFB, Lompoc CA (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on Coriolis launch cover
China (People's Republic) 2003-12-30 Xichang, Sichuan? (Multi-color printed) cachet on TC-1 launch cover Studied "the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field"
China (People's Republic) 2004-07-25 Kelan, Shanxi (Multi-color printed) cachet on TC-2 launch cover Depiction of solar wind, bow shock and magnetosphere
China (People's Republic) 2004-07-25 Kelan, Shanxi Back of TC-2 launch cover, also front "to study solar activity, interplanetary disturbance-triggered magnetospheric space storm, and physical process of disastrous Earth space weather"
United States 2004-09-08 Hill AFB, UT (Multi-color printed) cachet on GENESIS event cover "placed in space to capture [the] solar wind"
United States 2006-01-19 Kennedy Space Center FL (James Lee Roth) cachet on New Horizons launch cover Carries the instrument SWAP - "Solar Wind Around Pluto" (to observe the solar wind and magnetosphere around Pluto)
United States 2006-03-22 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Mission 57) cachet on ST-5-a,b,c launch cover "explore Earth's magnetosphere"
United States 2006-04-14 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Multi-color printed) cachet on Formosat-3A/3F launch cover "to study atmospheric conditions as well as to monitor space weather"
United States 2006-03-24 Colorado Springs CO, Peterson AFB (Mission 57) cachet on FalconSat-2 launch cover, also back "Exploring ionospheric plasma and its effects on trans-ionospheric communications"; also schematic drawing of Earth's magnetosphere
United States 2006-09-22 GSFC, Greenbelt MD (Multi-color printed) cachet on Solar-B and OSCAR-59 and SSSat-2 launch cover "to answer key questions about [the] Sun's magnetic field"
United States 2006-10-25 Kennedy Space Center FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on STEREO launch cover "study the nature of coronal mass ejections⁵ and why they happen. The ejections are a major source of the magnetic disruptions on Earth and are a key component of space weather"
United States 2006-10-25 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of STEREO launch cover, also front "sensors for detecting and mapping in 3D the plasma characteristics of solar energetic particles" include the "SWEA - Solar Wind Electron Analyzer"; the SWAVES instrument is for "mapping the life cycle of radio disturbances generated by CMEs" (Coronal Mass Ejections)⁵
United States 2006-11-04 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Mission 57) back of DMSP-5D3-F17 launch cover, also front "data (are transferred to) the Air Force Weather Agency at Offutt AFB, NE; Navy Fleet Meteor. and Oceanographic Center at Monterey CA; and the Air Force's 556 Space Weather Squadron at Falcon AFB, CO"
United States 2007-01-11 Laurel MD (Mullti-color printed) cachet on STEREO event cover Heliospheric Imagers "are designed to observe the space between the Sun and the Earth in order to watch solar storms as they head our way"; also, Comet McNaught ion tail, "which points along the direction of the solar wind"
United States 2007-02-07 Pasadena CA (Multi-color printed) cachet on Ulysses event cover "exploration of the heliosphere, the bubble in space blown out by the solar wind" and making "observations revealing the changing Sun and its effect on space during the ongoing minimum in the 11-year sunspot cycle"
United States 2007-02-17 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) cachet on Explorer-85/89 (THEMIS) launch cover, also back Depiction of the solar wind interacting with the magnetosphere; the THEMIS⁹ mission was "to observe auroral activity and the Earth's magnetosphere" (on cover back)
United States 2007-02-17 Cape Canaveral FL (B&D) cachet on Explorer-85/89 (THEMIS) launch cover "to figure out the source of powerful geomagnetic substorms in the Earth's atmosphere that can damage communications satellites, disable power grids and produce high levels of radiation"
United States 2008-01-31 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back (different) of Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover, also front Drawing of solar wind and magnetosphere
United States 2008-01-31 Pasadena CA (Therome Cachets) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover Van Allen radiation belts and Earth's magnetic field
United States 2008-01-31 Pasadena CA (Personalized) stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Therome Cachets) cachet (different) on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover Depiction of "Van Allen radiation belt"
United States None (2008-10-19) None (Kwajalein) (Sarmiento) cachet on Explorer-91 (IBEX) launch (un-stamped and un-canceled) cover "Interstellar Boundary Explorer" ("IBEX"); the IBEX mission is to measure the interactions between the solar wind and the interstellar medium at the heliopause (the "outer edge" of the solar system)
Russia 2009-01-30 Plesetsk (Multi-color printed) cachet on KORONAS-Foton launch cover solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹ (in background behind the satellite)
United States 2009-06-27 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of GOES-14 launch cover, also front "Space Environment Monitor detects energetic particles, geomagnetic field activity and solar X-ray occurrences as part of Space Weather operations; EUV telescope observes solar extreme UV energy in 5 wavelength bands; Solar X-ray Imager: a soft X-ray telescope to monitor solar conditions and activity"
United States 2009-08-07 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of Explorer-6 anniversary-of-launch cover, also front scientific goals were "to map the radiation belt, measure solar flares⁴ and solar wind, study gamma rays, detect geomagnetism, test radio propagation in the upper atmosphere"
United States 2009-10-18 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Mission 57) back of DMSP-5D3-F18 launch cover, also front "data are transferred to the Air Force Weather Agency at Offutt AFB, NE; Navy Fleet Meteor. and Oceanographic Center at Monterey CA; and the Air Force's 556 Space Weather Squadron at Falcon AFB, CO"
United States 2010-02-11 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of SDO launch cover, also front "first Space Weather Research Network" satellite with "a five-year mission that will study how solar activity such as solar wind, solar flares⁴ and coronal mass ejections⁵ are generated and how it [solar activity] affects space weather"; and in particular how solar energy is "converted and released into the heliosphere as solar wind ... with its energetic particles affecting Earth and near-Earth space"
United States 2010-03-04 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of GOES-15 launch cover, also front "a Solar X-Ray Imager to observe solar weather conditions"; the "Space Environment Monitoring subsystem" includes a "Magnetospheric Proton Detector" and "Space Environment Monitor instruments" and will provide "X-Ray Sensor coverage to NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center"
French Guiana 2011-02-16 Kourou (Association Philatélique du C.E. SPS) cachet (with reproduction of Russia 5060) on ATV-2 launch cover Movement of charged particles following some of Earth's magnetic field lines in magnetosphere; also aurora (related to those movements) and upper atmospheric research rocket
United States 2011-06-10 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Mission 57) back of SAC-D launch cover, also front The CNES payload Carmen-1 includes an instrument that "will study the effect of cosmic radiation on electronics"
French Guiana 2012-03-23 Kourou (Association Philatélique du C.E. SPS) cachet on ATV-3 launch cover "Éruption solaire janvier 2012" (a solar flare⁴ is depicted)
United States 2012-08-30 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of RBSP launch cover, also front Drawing of Van Allen radiation belts and "Radiation Belt Storm Probes" (on cover front and back). Also, "Both the solar wind and the Earth's ionosphere supply particles to the Van Allen belts which can disrupt satellites, cause power grid failures, skew GPS coordinates, and is lethal to astronauts" (on cover back)
French Guiana 2012-11-10 Kourou (Association Philatélique du C.E. SPS) cachet on Eutelsat-21B and StarOne-C3 launch cover Solar flares⁴ (white explosions); also a CME⁵ (large explosion from the bottom left of the Sun)
United States 2013-06-27 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Lollini) cachet on Explorer-94 (IRIS) launch cover The "IRIS Solar Observatory" uses a solar telescope and spectrograph to explore the solar chromosphere. Data obtained will be useful in the studies of solar and plasma physics, space weather and astrophysics
United States 2015-02-11 Cape Canaveral FL (Colorano silk) cachet on DSCOVR launch cover "will be used to observe and provide advanced warning of extreme emissions from the Sun which can affect power grids, communications systems and satellites close to Earth"
United States 2015-03-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on MMS launch cover "To Study the Earth's Magnetosphere"
United States 2015-03-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Lollini) cachet on MMS launch cover "Magnetospheric Multiscale" satellite
United States 2017-06-29 Pasadena CA (JPL printed) cachet on Cassini-Huygens event cover "observed the edge of Saturn's atmosphere, studying airglow [and] auroras"
Finland 2017-08-13 Helsinki (SVP) cachet on Dragon-CRS-12 pre-launch cover ISS-"CREAM" (Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass) instrument delivered to the ISS
Finland 2017-08-16 Kerava (SVP) cachet on Dragon-CRS-12 event cover
United States 2017-08-20 Pasadena CA (JPL printed) cachet on Cassini-Huygens event cover "observed Saturn's northern aurora" and also "Saturn's south polar aurora"
United States 2017-09-02 Pasadena CA (JPL printed) cachet on Cassini-Huygens event cover observed "Saturn's sunlit north polar auroral region"
United States 2017-09-12 Pasadena CA (JPL printed) cachet on Cassini-Huygens event cover "magnetospheric and plasma science instruments" transmitted data to Earth "just seconds after each observation"
United States 2017-09-17 Hawthorne CA (Multi-color printed) cachet on Dragon-CRS-12 event cover ISS-"CREAM" (Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass) instrument delivered to the ISS
United States 2018-05-18 Kennedy Space Center FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on PSP pre-launch cover PSP⁸; "The probe will rely on measurements as imaging to revolutionize our understanding of the corona and the Sun-Earth connection"; also "magnetometer boom testing"
United States 2018-05-19 Kennedy Space Center FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on PSP pre-launch cover
United States 2018-05-23 Kennedy Space Center FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on PSP pre-launch cover
United States 2018-07-06 Kennedy Space Center FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on PSP pre-launch cover PSP⁸
United States 2018-07-28 Sagamore Beach MA (Coverscape) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ anniversary cover "solar observations"
United States 2018-08-12 Kennedy Space Center FL (Multi-color printed) cachet on PSP launch cover PSP⁸; "to help scientists figure out what makes the corona hotter than the Sun's visible surface and what accelerates charged particles to enormous velocities, producing the solar wind that streams away from the corona in all directions"; "Eugene Parker, the University of Chicago astrophysicist who first theorized the existence of the solar wind in 1958, watched the launch"
United States 2018-08-12 Cape Canaveral FL (Lollini) cachet on PSP launch cover Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
United States 2018-10-19 GSFC, Greenbelt MD (Red Eagle) cachet on BepiColombo launch cover "the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO)" will study Mercury's "magnetic field [and] magnetosphere"
United States 2018-12-21 Pasadena CA (Red Eagle) cachet on JUNO event cover Jupiter's aurora in its north polar region
United States 2019-02-13 GSFC, Greenbelt MD (Red Eagle) cachet on JUNO event cover
United States 2019-02-13 Pasadena CA (Red Eagle) cachet on JUNO event cover
United States 2019-04-07 Pasadena CA (Red Eagle) cachet on JUNO event cover
United States 2019-03-05 Sagamore Beach MA (Coverscape) cachet on Voyager-1 event cover "first spacecraft to sail past the heliopause" (on 25 August 2012)
United States 2019-10-10 Cape Canaveral FL (Red Eagle) cachet on Explorer-96 (ICON) launch cover "designed to investigate changes in Earth's ionosphere, the dynamic region high in our atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather from above. ICON studies the interaction between Earth's weather systems and space weather driven by the Sun, and how this interaction drives turbulence in the upper atmosphere".
United States 2019-10-12 Sagamore Beach MA (Coverscape) cachet on Explorer-7 anniversary cover measured "solar X-ray and Lyman-alpha flux, trapped energetic particles and heavy primary cosmic rays"
United States 2019-12-10 Monument Beach MA (Coverscape) cachet on Helios-1 anniversary cover Solar flares⁴ (e.g. on the right side of the Sun)
United States 2020-01-28 Houston TX (Red Eagle) cachet on STPSat-4 deployment cover "space weather sensors"
United States 2020-02-09 Cape Canaveral FL (Mission 57) back of Solar Orbiter launch cover, also front "To study the Sun, its magnetic fields and the solar wind"
French Guiana 2020-02-10 Kourou (Lollini) cachet on Solar Orbiter launch cover "ESA - NASA mission" to study "solar [and] heliospheric physics"
Finland 2020-07-14 Kerava (SVP) cachet on Al-Amal / Hope scrubbed launch cover To "understand the structure and variability of hydrogen and oxygen in the [Martian lower and] upper atmosphere, as well as identifying why Mars is losing them into space", including how Martian weather might be influencing that loss
Finland 2020-07-19 Kerava (SVP) cachet on Al-Amal / Hope launch cover
United States 2020-07-10 Pasadena CA (Red Eagle) cachet on PSP event cover Ground-based observations and PSP data during this Venus flyby will provide "an unprecedented look at the interactions between Venus and the solar wind"
United States 2020-07-19 Boulder CO (Mission 57) back of Al-Amal / Hope launch cover, also front UAE "Mars Atmospheric Probe" with UV Spectrometer to measure "Mars' thermosphere and hydrogen/oxygen coronae".
United States 2021-02-20 Pasadena CA (Red Eagle) cachet on PSP event cover PSP "relies on the planet [Venus] to reduce its orbital energy, which in turn allows it to travel closer to the Sun - and inspect the properties of the solar wind closer to its source"
Gabon 2021-08-16 Libreville (Lollini) cachet on Pleiades-Neo4 and RadCube launch cover A cubesat for real-time monitoring of cosmic radiation and the space weather environment
United States 2022-02-03 Kennedy Space Center FL (Ranski) cachet on Starlink-v1.5_G4-7-1/49 launch cover, also back Up to 40 out of 49 satellites in this mission were lost due to a solar storm that warmed the atmosphere, increasing its density at the level of the satellites and thereby significantly increasing the drag on them.
United States 2022-02-13 Houston TX (Red Eagle) cachet on INSPIREsat-1+INS-2TD+RISat-1A launch cover "Miniature X-Ray Solar Spectrometer 3" instrument for "Solar Flare" observation
United States 2022-08-20 Cape Canaveral FL (Ranski) cachet (different) on Voyager-2 anniversary cover, also back "Both Voyagers kept on flying, all the way to the edge of the heliosphere, the huge bubble of charged particles and magnetic fields that the Sun creates around itself. Voyager-1 crossed the heliopause, which marks the end of the heliosphere, in August 2012, becoming the first human-made object to enter interstellar space. Voyager-2 did so in November 2018".
United States 2022-09-05 Kennedy Space Center FL (black hand cancel) (Ranski) back of cachet on Voyager-1 anniversary cover, also front "Voyager-1 crossed the heliopause and entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012, making it the first spacecraft to do so"
United States 2022-09-05 Kennedy Space Center FL (red hand cancel) (Ranski) back of cachet on Voyager-1 anniversary cover, also front
United States 2022-09-05 Cape Canaveral FL (Ranski) back of Voyager-1 anniversary cover, also front "Both Voyagers kept on flying, all the way to the edge of the heliosphere, the huge bubble of charged particles and magnetic fields that the Sun creates around itself. Voyager-1 crossed the heliopause, which marks the end of the heliosphere, in August 2012, becoming the first human-made object to enter interstellar space. Voyager-2 did so in November 2018".
United States 2024-04-24 Long Beach CA (Galactic Space Covers) back of NEONSat-1 and ACS3 launch cover, also front "demonstration will be used for designing future larger-scale composite solar sail systems for space weather early warning satellites"
United States 2024-06-25 Patrick AFB, FL (Galactic Space Covers) cachet on GOES-19 launch cover, also back "solar imaging" and "space weather monitoring" (a CME⁵ and a schematic drawing of Earth's magnetosphere are depicted)

Country	Cancel Date	Cancel Location	Type of Item	Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Launch Covers, satellite-related)
United States	1958-07-26	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-4 launch cover	"providing data on radiation and analysis of Earth's magnetic field"
United States	1959-09-18	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Vanguard-3 launch cover	Measuring space environment conditions, including Earth's magnetic field and the effect on the Earth's [upper] atmosphere of solar X-rays
United States	1958-10-11	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Pioneer-1 launch cover	"Provides first measurements of interplanetary magnetic field"
United States	1959-10-13	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-7 launch cover	"Study cosmic rays, X-rays from Sun"
United States	1959-10-13	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet (and signatures) on Explorer-7 launch cover
United States	1960-11-03	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-8 launch cover	made "direct measurements of the ionosphere"
United States	1960-12-07	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Multi-color printed) cachet on Discoverer-18 launch cover	Contained "various human tissues for radiation studies" ("spy-in-the-sky")
United States	1961-02-17	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Black printed) cachet on Discoverer-20 launch cover	"contained space radiation-measuring equipment"
United States	1961-03-25 (inverted hour "2")	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft no.1, no logo) cachet on Explorer-10 launch cover	"Van Allen radiation belts & magnetic fields; designed to chart 'least hostile' routes for future space travel"
United States	1961-03-25	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft no.1, no logo) cachet on Explorer-10 launch cover
United States	1961-03-25	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft no.1, no logo) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-10 launch cover
United States	1961-08-15	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-12 launch cover	"to study the interaction between solar winds and the Earth's magnetic field"
United States	1961-08-16	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft) insert from Explorer-12 launch cover, also front	"Solar winds"
United States	1961-08-16	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft) insert from Explorer-12 launch cover, also front (with signature)
United States	1961-08-23	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft, no logo) cachet on Ranger-1 launch cover, also insert	measured "charged particles, protons [and] nuclei of hydrogen atoms from the Sun, and cosmic rays"
United States	1962-01-24	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Injun-2 and SolRad-4A and SECOR-(1) and LOFTI-2 launch [failed] cover, also insert	"To study the Van Allen radiation belt"
United States	1962-03-07	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover	observed "the stormy surface of the Sun"
United States	1962-03-07	Port Canaveral FL	(Orange and black printed) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover	observed "the stormy surface of the Sun", and studied "how the Sun influences conditions on Earth"
United States	1962-03-07	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover, also insert	"To measure X-rays, gamma, ultraviolet and infrared rays streaming toward Earth from the Sun"
United States	1962-03-07	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on OSO-1 launch cover, also insert
United States	1962-03-07	Port Canaveral FL	(Red and black printed) cachet on OSO-1 launch cover	"To study how the Sun influences conditions on Earth"
United States	1962-04-26	Port Canaveral FL	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on Ariel-1 launch cover	"Study ionosphere - Sun relations"
United States	1962-04-26	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Ariel-1 launch cover, also front	"to acquire increased knowledge of the ionosphere and how it is affected by solar radiation, and to obtain data on primary cosmic radiation"
United States	1962-04-26	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Ariel-1 launch cover, also front (and signature)
United States	1962-04-26	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Ariel-1 launch cover, also front (and signatures, different)
United States	1962-10-03	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft) cachet on Explorer-14 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (minor differences)	"Space weather satellite, to study Sun's radiation belt and threat Sun poses to space explorers"
United States	1962-10-03	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft) cachet on Explorer-14 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (minor differences)
United States	1962-10-03	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-14 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (minor differences)
United States	1962-10-03	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-14 launch cover	"Measures the relationship of energetic particles with the Earth's magnetic field"; "Measures dangers to men in space"
United States	1963-05-07	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Telstar-2 launch cover	"included design changes aimed at avoiding the severe radiation damage which eventually killed the first Telstar"
United States	1963-11-27	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover, also insert	"To measure magnetic fields, cosmic rays and solar winds in space"
United States	1963-11-27	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover, also insert
United States	1963-11-27	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover	"to determine if satellite instruments can forecast solar flares⁴ on the Sun"
United States	1963-11-27	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover
United States	1963-11-27	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover	"to study solar flares⁴ whose deadly radiation threatens manned voyages into outer space"
United States	1963-11-27	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-18 launch cover	"Solar wind and cosmic ray study"
United States	1963-12-21	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on TIROS-8 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)	"World-wide space weather forecasting"
United States	1963-12-21	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on TIROS-8 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)
United States	1964-08-25	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-20 launch cover, also insert	"To investigate why the ionosphere acts as a mirror for radio waves and radar"
United States	1964-09-05	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-1 launch cover, also insert	"Probing for manned spaceflight hazards caused by the Sun"
United States	1964-09-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-1 launch cover, also insert
United States	1964-10-04	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-21 launch cover, also insert	"To gather research of cosmic radiation through space on swift solar winds"
United States	1964-10-04	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-21 launch cover, also insert
United States	1964-12-21	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-26 launch cover, also front	"Radiation detection satellite"; "the satellite will investigate energetic particles in the Earth's radiation belts" (the "Van Allen radiation zone")
United States	1964-12-21	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-26 launch cover, also front
United States	1964-12-21	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-26 launch cover	"Radiation detector satellite ... to study Earth's radiation belts"
United States	1964-12-21	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Centennial red earth) cachet on Explorer-26 launch cover	"radiation-detection satellite"
United States	1964-12-21	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial red earth) cachet on Explorer-26 launch cover
United States	1965-02-03	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover	Studying "radiation that both sustains and threatens Man"
United States	1965-02-03	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover
United States	1965-02-03	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover	"Study the Sun's thermonuclear solar flares⁴ during eruptions"
United States	1965-02-03	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover	"to make the most comprehensive study to date of the Sun and how it affects conditions on Earth & the planets"
United States	1965-02-03	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on OSO-2 launch cover
United States	1965-02-03	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OSO-2 launch cover, also front	"Measuring solar flares⁴ [and] examining energetic particles in the lower Van Allen region above the Earth's atmosphere"
United States	1965-02-03	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OSO-2 launch cover, also front (with signature)
United States	1965-02-03	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OSO-2 launch cover, also front
United States	1965-05-25	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Pegasus-2 launch cover	"to detect harmful radiation that may affect our Moon team" (but that statement is misleading, since the actual mission was to detect micrometeorite impacts, not radiation)
United States	1965-05-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-28 launch cover, also insert	"To chart radiation hazards along the astronauts' route to the Moon"
United States	1965-05-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-28 launch cover	"To measure space radiation hazards along the astronauts' pathway to the Moon"
United States	1965-05-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-28 launch cover	"Solar wind and cosmic ray study"
United States	1965-08-25	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front	"Shed new light on the relation between solar flares⁴, [solar] winds and Sun radiation"
United States	1965-08-25	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front (and signature)
United States	1965-08-25	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front
United States	1965-08-25	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-C [failed] launch cover, also front (and signature)
United States	1965-10-05	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on OV1-2 launch cover	"To detect ambient radiation environment, results of these experiments will be used in the design of future spacecraft to assure adequate protection for human occupants"
United States	1965-10-14	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on OGO-2 launch cover	"to test the Earth's magnetic field, the mysterious causes of the northern lights and measure radiations"
United States	1965-10-14	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OGO-2 launch cover, also insert variation (different line lengths) and cover front and cover back	"Solar winds" and "Earth's geomagnetic field"
United States	1965-10-15	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on LCS-2 and OV2-1 launch [failed] cover	"Probes for space hazards for manned flights"
United States	1965-11-19	Wallops Island VA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-30 (SolRad-8) launch cover, also insert or insert variation (text length variation) and back	"Will measure solar flares⁴ which produce intense hazardous problems to manned activities in space"
United States	1965-11-19	Wallops Island VA	(Red printed) cachet on Explorer-30 (SolRad-8) launch cover	"Study solar X-ray emissions"; "solar flare⁴ warning system"; "ionospheric condition forecast"
United States	1965-12-06	WSMR, NM	(HJM black and Boudwin? purple and blue rubber-stamp) cachets on Gemini-7 event cover	MSC-2/MSC-3 experiment¹¹
United States	1966-04-22	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on OV3-1 launch cover	"Analysis of near-Earth charged-particle environment to guard our Moon shots"
United States	1966-05-25	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Explorer-32 launch cover	"Study upper atmosphere changes" and "Check solar storm radiation"
United States	1966-06-06	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on OGO-3 launch cover	"radiation hazards"
United States	1966-06-10	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet on OV3-4 launch cover	"Radiation test for manned spaceflight" and "to study the effects of radiation on astronauts in space"
United States	1966-06-10	Wallops Island VA	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on OV3-4 launch cover	"Radiation test for manned spaceflight"
United States	1966-06-10	Wallops Island VA	(Blue printed) cachet on OV3-4 launch cover
United States	1966-07-01	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-33 launch cover	"Radiation test for manned spaceflight"
United States	1966-08-04	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on OV3-3 launch cover	"study various aspects of the composition and activities of the radiation belt, measuring the abundance of charged particles ... to learn more about how particles of radiation from the Sun and sources beyond the solar system are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field"
United States	1966-08-17	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover	To "study high energy solar particles ["solar wind" and "cosmic rays"] to protect Apollo astronauts"
United States	1966-08-17	Patrick AFB, FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover	To "learn about outer space and its possible hazard to our astronauts"
United States	1966-08-17	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover, also insert	"Forecaster of solar weather"; "To study the supersonic winds and deadly cosmic rays emanating from the Sun"
United States	1966-08-17	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover, also insert
United States	1966-08-17	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover	"Solar cosmic rays" and "Earth's magnetic field cavity in solar wind"
United States	1966-08-17	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-7 launch cover
United States	1966-08-17	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet (slightly different) on Pioneer-7 launch cover
United States	1966-12-07	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ATS-1 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different labeling)	"space environment"
United States	1966-12-07	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ATS-1 launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different labeling)
United States	1966-12-11	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin) cachet on OV1-9/10 launch cover	"studying various types of space radiation"
United States	1967-03-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover	"To discover the origin of Sun spot explosions to protect our future space travelers"
United States	1967-03-08	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover, also insert	"Observing sunspots [and] radio emissions from the Sun so scientists can study their effects on weather, communication and future manned space flights"
United States	1967-03-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-03-08	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover	Measuring "solar corona" and "ultra-violet light" and "cosmic gamma ray radiation"; also schematic diagrams showing the propagation of a solar flare's⁴ energetic particle wavefront and magnetic lines of force
United States	1967-03-08	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover
United States	1967-03-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover	"launched to study secrets of the Sun and to help guard astronauts from deadly solar radiation during flights to the moon"
United States	1967-03-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(HJM black and black typed) cachet on OSO-3 launch cover	"launched to study secrets of the Sun and to help guard astronauts from deadly solar radiation during flights to the moon"
United States	1967-04-28	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet from OV5-1+3 and ERS-18 and Vela-7/8 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different text) and insert2 and insert2 back	"One of the trio of hitchhiking Environmental Research Satellites will be looking at some of the death-dealing radiation emitted by the Sun"; also (in insert2 text) "OV5-1 is an electronic research satellite to measure solar radiation, bremsstrahlung and X-ray radiation in the 8-14 Angstrom range. It will provide information for mapping radiation belts in space. ERS-18 will measure trapped radiation in the Van Allen belt"
United States	1967-04-28	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet from OV5-1+3 and ERS-18 and Vela-7/8 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different text) and insert2 and insert2 back
United States	1967-05-24	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-34 launch cover, also insert	"To study cosmic and galactic energy in the Earth's magnetosphere and interplanetary space"; "particular emphasis is placed on how solar events influence the Earth's environment" (in insert); one goal is "the development of a solar flare⁴ prediction which will aid the Apollo manned Moon landing program" (in insert)
United States	1967-05-24	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-34 launch cover	"Solar flare⁴ data for Apollo program; interplanetary magnetic field meas[urement]"
United States	1967-05-24	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet (different) on Explorer-34 launch cover
United States	1967-05-24	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-34 launch cover	"carried eleven experiments into orbit to measure solar and galactic cosmic rays in space"
United States	1967-06-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert	"to obtain scientific information ... on [the planet's] radiation and magnetic environment"
United States	1967-06-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-06-14	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-06-14	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Mariner-5 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(HJM black and black typed) cachet Explorer-35 launch cover	"into lunar orbit to study radiation hazards facing moon-bound astronauts"
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover	"It is programmed to send back information on radiation and magnetic fields around the Moon which might affect Apollo astronauts"
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Cyan rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover	"Moon orbit to study radiation hazards"
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers grey and dark-magenta) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover	"Radiation test for manned spaceflight; solar flare⁴ data for Apollo program"
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers blue-gray and black) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers gray and black and brown) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States	1967-07-19	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover, also insert	"IMP may help determine whether there would be any radiation hazard to astronauts on the Moon"
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover	"into lunar orbit to study radiation hazards facing moonbound astronauts"
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet (slightly different) on Explorer-35 launch cover
United States	1967-07-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Cyan rubber-stamp and magenta hand-printed) cachet on Explorer-35 launch cover	"to study radiation hazards facing Moon-bound astronauts"
United States	1967-07-28	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-4 launch cover, also insert	"To study the relationship between our Sun and the nature of the Earth's environment during periods of high solar activity"
United States	1967-07-28	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OGO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-07-28	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-4 launch cover	"For spacecraft and airline radiation tests; study aurora and geomagnetic field; study relationship of Sun to Earth"
United States	1967-09-07	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover	"carrying 10 million insects, plants and bacteria to study the effects of radiation and weightlessness in space"
United States	1967-09-07	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover
United States	1967-09-08	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover
United States	1967-09-08	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on Biosatellite-2 launch cover
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert	"Designed to monitor solar activities during a full 11-year solar cycle, when numerous [solar] flares⁴ spew spaghetti-like streamers of radiation into space"
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-10-18	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-10-18	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover	Measured "Sun outbursts", "Sun's influence on interplanetary space", "Sun's ultra-violet light" and "cosmic gamma-ray radiation"
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover	"explore the solar influence in interplanetary space, measure cosmic gamma-ray radiation and [the] Sun's ultra-violet light"
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet (different text font) on OSO-4 launch cover
United States	1967-10-18	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers) cachet (different) on OSO-4 launch cover
United States	1967-10-18	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Centennial black Orbiting Observatories and black text) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover	"placed into orbit to study the Sun and its influence on the Earth's atmosphere"
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial black Orbiting Observatories and black text) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(HJM black and black typed) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover	"placed into orbit to study the Sun and its influence on the Earth's atmosphere"
United States	1967-10-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin?) cachet on OSO-4 launch cover	"carries 9 separate experiments to study the Sun and [its] effects on Earth"
Austria	1967-10-18	Gmünd	(Red printed) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover	Some details of space weather-related measurements near Venus
United States	1967-10-19	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert	"returns data on the Venusian temperatures, magnetic field and radiation"
United States	1967-10-19	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet (and signature) on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert
United States	1967-10-19	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert
United States	1967-10-19	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Mariner-5 event cover, also insert
United States	1967-12-13	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Centennial) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover	"warn astronauts of deadly solar radiation storms in space"
United States	1967-12-13	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover
United States	1967-12-13	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert	"Interplanetary Weatherman - to monitor solar events as the Sun reaches the climax of its 11-year cycle in 1969"; the passage of the satellite "through Earth's protective magnetic envelope (magnetosphere) will help to measure its [the magnetosphere's] exact shape" (in insert text)
United States	1967-12-13	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-12-13	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-12-13	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover, also insert
United States	1967-12-13	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover	"Interplanetary radiation test for manned spaceflight"
United States	1967-12-13	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Pioneer-8 and TETR-1 launch cover
United States	1968-01-07	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit purple and orange) cachet on Surveyor-7 launch cover	"radiation ... tests; last Surveyor before astronaut Moon flight"
United States	1968-01-07	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit purple and orange) cachet on Surveyor-7 launch cover
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover	"Solar wind shock wave tests towards Earth"
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial yellow Orbiting Observatories and black text) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover	"To study radiation hazards of the Sun"
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover	"measure radiation, observe Sun, keep tabs on electronic particles of space"
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL	(HJM black and black typed) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover	"to study radiation hazards of the Sun"
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front	"24 experiments and observations on particles which scientists will face in space"
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-03-04	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-03-04	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different text arrangement) from OGO-5 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-03-04	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers) cachet on OGO-5 launch cover	"obtain data during increased solar activity"
United States	1968-03-05	Wallops Island VA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover	"Solar wind"; "protective magnetosphere"; "solar cosmic ray particles"; "solar flare⁴ tests for manned flight"; "monitor solar X-ray emissions"
United States	1968-03-05	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover	"A radiation explorer satellite"
United States	1968-03-05	Wallops Island VA (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover, also front	"Information on solar X-rays "will be used in a warning system for major solar flares⁴ which may be hazardous to manned space activities"
United States	1968-03-05	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-37 (SolRad-9) launch cover, also front
United States	1968-04-06	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on OV1-13/14 launch cover	"space experiments concerning radiation and density to enable the US to gain useful knowledge for flights of our Moon-bound astronauts"
United States	1968-04-06	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Swanson/DuBeau? black rubber-stamp) cachet on OV1-13/14 launch cover	"17 experiments to study [the] deep space environment"
United States	1968-05-16	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover	"for cosmic study and solar radiation tests"
United States	1968-05-16	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers, with missing "8" in "5-16-6") cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover
United States	1968-05-16	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson orange) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)	"To study solar and cosmic radiation", and "to perform an integrated study of the polar ionosphere with particular emphasis on auroral events" (in insert text)
United States	1968-05-16	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson red) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)
United States	1968-05-16	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-2B launch cover, also insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths)
United States	1968-08-08	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover	"To make detailed scientific study of density and radiation in Earth's upper atmosphere at the time of high solar activity"
United States	1968-08-08	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover	"To study atmospheric density and radiation above the Earth"
United States	1968-08-08	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover	"To measure energy particle bombardment of (the) atmosphere"
United States	1968-08-08	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover, also front	"records energetic particles and measures radiation of different kinds. These experiments help in planning for future space flights."
United States	1968-08-08	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson sticker) insert from Explorer-39 and Explorer-40 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-09-26	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back	"solar radiation" and "cosmic ray" studies
United States	1968-09-26	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back
United States	1968-09-26	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back
United States	1968-09-26	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on LES-6 and OV2-5 and OV-5-2/4 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths), also insert2 and insert2 back
United States	1968-10-03	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-1A launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and insert2 back	"To study the northern lights and measure radiation during magnetic storms"
United States	1968-11-08	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2	"Solar Weather Watcher"; "To improve radiation storm forecasts for Apollo astronauts flying to the Moon" (in cachet text); "to warn of solar radiation storms that might endanger astronauts on the Moon" (in insert1 text)
United States	1968-11-08	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States	1968-11-08	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States	1968-11-08	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States	1968-11-08	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover, also insert1, insert1 back, and insert2
United States	1968-11-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover	"to help scientists devise an interplanetary weather map charting radiation from solar storms"
United States	1968-11-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial black and blue) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover	"Place into orbit around the Sun to study solar radiation storms that could endanger astronauts on the Moon"
United States	1968-11-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial black) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover
United States	1968-11-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Blue printed) cachet on Pioneer-9 and TETR-2 launch cover	"to measure the Sun's corona"
United States	1968-12-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on HEOS-1 launch cover	drawing of solar wind and magnetosphere
United States	1968-12-05	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front	"scientific mission is to study interplanetary physics (particularly magnetic fields), cosmic radiation and solar winds outside of the magnetosphere, and the Earth's shock wave"
United States	1968-12-05	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-12-05	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-12-05	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from HEOS-1 launch cover, also front
United States	1968-12-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on HEOS-1 launch cover	"To take precise measurements of the magnetic fields coming from the Sun"
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover	"To study maximum [solar] flare⁴ activity and to help warn astronauts on the Moon of radiation storms"
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover	"Solar wind"; "twisting magnetic filaments channel solar cosmic ray particles"; [Earth's] "protective magnetosphere"; "to scan solar corona"
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover
United States	1969-01-22	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2	"To study how the Sun controls our weather, interferes with communications and alters the composition of the globe-circling radiation belt"
United States	1969-01-22	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States	1969-01-22	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover, also insert1 or insert1 variation (slightly different line lengths) and insert2
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(HJM black and red typed) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover	"To study the Sun during a period of maximum [solar] flare⁴ activity and to help warn astronauts on the Moon of radiation storms"
United States	1969-01-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-5 launch cover	To "measure atomic particles streaming from the Sun's surface"
United States	1969-01-29	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ISIS-1 launch cover	"'Polar blackout' ionosphere study; radio fadeout tests of hemisphere"
United States	1969-01-29	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert2 back from ISIS-1 launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and front	"When the ionosphere becomes disturbed following solar storms or other phenomena associated with the Sun, its reflecting properties are affected. Consequently, radio communications are disrupted, sometimes for long periods. Hence, there is a deep interest in studying the upper atmosphere in order to find methods of overcoming the effects of ionospheric disturbances. Perhaps the worst ionospheric condition, from the standpoint of communications, is the so-called 'polar blackout'".
United States	1969-01-29	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert2 back from ISIS-1 launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and cover front
United States	1969-05-23	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OV5-5/6/9 and Vela-9/10 launch cover, also front	"During future Apollo lunar flights these Velas will provide solar activity information".
United States	1969-05-23	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OV5-5/6/9 and Vela-9/10 launch cover, also front
United States	1969-05-23	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OV5-5/6/9 and Vela-9/10 launch cover, also front
United States	1969-06-05	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OGO-6 launch cover	"Solar wind shock wave tests towards Earth"
United States	1969-06-05	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin) cachet on OGO-6 launch cover	"to measure magnetic fields in the ionosphere, distribution and energy levels of energetic particles, radio propagation, interplanetary particles"
United States	1969-06-05	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front	"will sample radiation trapped in the Earth's magnetic field and will measure the intensity of solar flares⁴"
United States	1969-06-05	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front (and signature)
United States	1969-06-05	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front
United States	1969-06-05	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert or insert variation (slightly different line lengths) from OGO-6 launch cover, and front
United States	1969-06-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-41 launch cover	"Radiation test for manned spaceflight; interplanetary magnetic field meas[urement]; solar flare⁴ data for Apollo program"; also drawing of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere
United States	1969-06-21	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-41 launch cover, also insert	Depiction of Earth's magnetosphere; "development of [observational techniques] of solar flares⁴"; also "verification of solar winds" (in insert text)
United States	1969-06-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Explorer-41 launch cover, also insert
United States	1969-08-09	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover	"Solar flare⁴ tests for manned flight"; "monitor solar X-ray emissions"; "study aurora and geomagnetic field"; also schematic diagrams showing the propagation of a solar flare's⁴ energetic particle wavefront and magnetic lines of force
United States	1969-08-09	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover
United States	1969-08-09	Patrick AFB, FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover, also front	"With the launch occurring during a period of near-peak [solar] flare⁴ activity in the Sun's 11-year solar cycle, the satellite could lead to the best understanding yet of the solar radiation storms that disrupt radio communications on Earth and are a potential hazard to Moon-bound astronauts"
United States	1969-08-09	Patrick AFB, FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover, also front
United States	1969-08-09	Cape Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert from OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover, also front
United States	1969-08-09	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-6 and PAC-1 launch cover	studied "solar flares" and "radiation storms"
United States	1969-08-12	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on ATS-5 launch cover	"effects of the solar winds"
United States	1969-08-27	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert	"Solar Weather Station" (in cachet text); "Weather map of solar space"; "solar winds"; also [solar] "magnetic filaments" (in insert text)
United States	1969-08-27	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert
United States	1969-08-27	Patrick AFB, FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert
United States	1969-08-27	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Pioneer-E and TETR-3 [failed] launch cover, also insert
United States	1969-10-01	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ESRO-1B launch cover	"Study northern lights and polar ionosphere; experiments ... co-ordinated with rockets from Kiruna, Sweden"
United States	1969-10-01	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-1B launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and insert2 back	"to study the polar ionosphere, the northern lights and related phenomena"; observations were correlated with those "made simultaneously [by] sounding rockets launched from the ESRO launch site at Kiruna, Sweden" (in text of both inserts)
United States	1969-10-01	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on ESRO-1B launch cover, also insert1 and insert2 front and insert2 back
United States	1969-11-07	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Vandy?/DuBeau? blue satellite-launch and red rubber-stamp) cachet on Azur launch cover	"to study Earth's radiation belts, seven proton/electron spectra & flux experiments"
United States	1969-11-07	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Vandy?/DuBeau? blue satellite-launch and red rubber-stamp) cachet on Azur launch cover
United States	1969-11-19	Houston TX	(Multi-color printed) cachet on Apollo-12 lunar landing cover	Apollo-12 SWCE² (at left)
United States	1969-11-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Blue and red and black printed) cachet on Apollo-12 lunar landing cover, also back	"Solar Wind Spectrometer¹⁴ [SWS]: measures high-speed charged particles that Sun gives off"; "[Lunar Surface] Magnetometer [LSM]: measures magnetic field"; "Lunar Ionosphere Detector: measures gaseous elements" (actual name of instrument: Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE), composed of the SID and the CCIG (Cold Cathode Ion Gauge), which was designed to measure various properties of positive ions in the lunar environment, to provide data on the plasma interaction between the solar wind and the Moon, and to determine the electrical potential of the lunar surface). This diagram of the Apollo-12 ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package) depicts how the instruments were deployed on the lunar surface.
Vatican City	1969-11-19	Vatican City	(Green printed) cachet (annotated) on Apollo-12 lunar landing cover	The Apollo-12 ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package) included the Solar Wind Spectrometer¹⁴ (SWS) (measured high-speed charged solar particles); the [Lunar Surface] Magnetometer [LSM] (measured the lunar magnetic field); and the SIDE (composed of the Suprathermal Ion Detector (SID) and the Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (CCIG), which were designed to measure various properties of positive ions in the lunar environment, to provide data on the plasma interaction between the solar wind and the Moon, and to determine the electrical potential of the lunar surface). Those instruments are depicted in the green cachet, which is similar to this diagram of the Apollo-12 ALSEP.
United States	1970-01-23	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Riser/Andromeda Cover no.2) cachet on TIROS-M and OSCAR-5 launch (airmail) cover, also back, also insert	"Solar proton monitor for solar flare⁴ warnings"
United States	1970-04-08	Cape Canaveral FL	(Riser/Andromeda Cover no.8) cachet on Vela-11/12 launch (airmail) cover	"provide solar flare⁴ warning for Apollo astronauts"
United States	1970-04-11	Boulder CO	(ESSA-SDL blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-13 launch cover	"ESSA Space Disturbance Laboratory, Space Disturbance Forecast Services"; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States	1970-04-14	Honolulu HI	(Black rubber-stamp, return address) cachet on Apollo-13 event cover	"USAF Palehua Solar Observatory"
United States	1970-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Space Voyage) insert from NOAA-1 and CEP-1 launch cover, also front	had "the objective of determining the electron number density and temperature in the ionosphere". This was to test "the design of a similar experiment planned for the ISIS-B US-Canadian satellite"
United States	1970-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Solar Covers no.7) insert from NOAA-1 and CEP-1 launch cover, also front	"has been designed to determining the electron number density and temperature in the ionosphere" and "will test the design for a similar experiment planned for the ISIS-B scientific satellite"
United States	1970-12-11	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on NOAA-1 launch cover	Schematic magnetic field/magnetosphere
United States	1971-02-05	Honolulu HI	(Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on Apollo-14 event cover	"1st [Space] Weather Wing", "Palehua Solar Observatory" (for landing on Moon)
United States	1971-02-05 1972-02-06	Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel) Kennedy Space Center (hand cancel)	(Lunar Voyage Cachets) insert from Apollo-14 Moon landing/lift-off cover, also front	"Capt. Shepherd and Commander Mitchell established a nuclear powered scientific station to ... measure electrically charged particles and detect the compositions and energies of [the] solar wind". They also made "magnetometer readings".
United States	1971-03-13	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover, also insert	"monitor cosmic rays, solar winds, radio waves, and magentic fields"
United States	1971-03-13	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-03-13	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet (and signatures) on Explorer-43 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-03-13	Kennedy Space Center FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover
United States	1971-03-13	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage/InterSpace Cover black printed - Sarzin hybrid) cachet on Explorer-43 launch cover
French Guiana	1971-04-15	Kourou	(Lollini magenta and brown) cachet on D-2A (Tournesol) launch cover	"Solar and magnetic experiments" (in French text)
United States	1971-07-09	Wallops Island VA (hand cancel)	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover	"Study effect of solar flares⁴ on manned space travel"
United States	1971-07-09	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover
United States	1971-07-09	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover
United States	1971-07-09	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson black rubber-stamp and printed - Sarzin hybrid) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover	"Fourteen experiments to monitor solar electromagnetic radiation. To aid as a sentinel during the forthcoming Apollo-15 mission"
United States	1971-07-09	Wallops Island VA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-44 (SolRad-10) launch cover	"Solar wind"; "protective magnetosphere"; "solar cosmic ray particles"; "solar flare⁴ tests for manned flight"; "monitor solar X-ray emissions"
United States	1971-07-26	Boulder CO	(NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Apollo-15 launch cover	"NOAA Space Environmental Laboratory, Space Environment Services Center"¹²; depiction of solar wind, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts, ionosphere and aurora
United States	1971-07-26	Colorado Springs CO	(Black typed) cachet (return address) on Apollo-15 launch cover	"Solar Forecast Facility, 4th Weather Wing"
Japan	1971-09-28	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage) cachet on Shinsei launch cover	"Measure magnetic waves, cosmic rays [and] ionosphere plasma"
Japan	1971-09-28	Uchinoura	(Black printed) cachet on Shinsei launch cover	"Observing the solar radiation in the shortwave range, cosmic rays and the plasma in the ionosphere"
United States	1971-09-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover	"Sun observatory ... to study Sun influence over Earth's [space] weather conditions"
United States	1971-09-29	Titusville FL	(Goldcraft) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover	"Looks at solar corona"
United States	1971-09-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover	"To study solar corona" and "measure X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from [solar] plasma explosions causing disruptive communications in Earth's atmosphere"
United States	1971-09-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.7) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch (airmail) cover (incorrectly identified as "OSO-8"), also insert1 and insert2	"Will study solar white light corona"
United States	1971-09-29	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Solar Covers no.28) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert	"Creates artificial eclipses" (i.e. occults, or hides, the solar disk, to allow measurements of the solar corona); "The primary objective of OSO-7 is to study the solar corona, the faint outermost layer of the solar atmosphere normally seen only during solar eclipses. A circular occulting disk on a boom extending in front of the spacecraft will produce an artificial, man-made eclipse for an imaging camera" (on insert)
United States	1971-09-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Solar Covers no.28) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-09-29	Patrick AFB, FL	(Solar Covers no.28) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-09-29	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert	"Artificial eclipse disk" (occults, or hides, the solar disk, to allow measurements of the solar corona) (in cachet); "A 'Sun watch' satellite was launched ... to monitor the outer atmosphere, [solar] flares, nuclear furnaces and other phenomena of the Sun" (on insert)
United States	1971-09-29	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Space Voyage blue and orange) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-09-29	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on OSO-7 and TETR-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-10-17	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Space Voyage) cachet on FRUSA launch cover, also insert	"Solar Storm Eye in Space"; "to determine [the] effect of solar storms on polar regions"
United States	1971-10-17	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on FRUSA launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-10-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ITOS-B [failed] launch cover	"Detection of energetic solar particles in Earth's vicinity"
Kenya	1971-11-15	Malindi	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-45 launch cover, also insert	"To investigate magnetic disturbances, inner magnetosphere and solar flares"⁴; also "The Earth's magnetosphere is an enormous teardrop-shaped region surrounding the Earth and is formed by the solar wind - a supersonic stream of particles - 'blowing' on the Earth's magnetic field" (in insert text)
United States	1971-11-15	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-45 launch cover	"to study the dynamic processes occurring in the inner magnetosphere, from 2 to 5.4 Earth radii"
United States	1971-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Space Voyage) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover, also insert	"Study of upper ionosphere and magnetic storms"
United States	1971-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Solar Covers no.29) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover, also insert	"To expand our knowledge of the environment of the Earth's upper ionosphere, especially during magnetic storms ..."
United States	1971-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.11) insert1 from Ariel-4 launch (airmail) cover, also front and insert2	"Observing magnetic storms in the ionosphere"
United States	1971-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.11) insert1 from Ariel-4 launch (airmail) cover (with signature), also front and insert2
United States	1971-12-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.11) insert1 from Ariel-4 launch (airmail) cover (with signature, different), also front and insert2
United States	1971-12-11	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Ariel-4 launch cover	"investigate the interactions between electromagnetic waves, plasmas and energetic particles in the upper ionosphere"
Germany (West)	1972-01-31	Bochum	(InterCover) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover	"designed to explore Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind" (in German text)
United States	1972-01-31	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.15) cachet on HEOS-2 launch (airmail) cover, also insert1 and/or insert2and/or insert3	"Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind" (in text and depicted)
United States	1972-01-31	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Space Voyage) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover, also insert	"High latitude magnetosphere"
United States	1972-01-31	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover	"magnetosphere"; drawing of solar wind and magnetosphere
United States	1972-01-31	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Black printed) cachet on HEOS-2 launch cover	"High latitude magnetosphere"
United States	1972-01-31	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Solar Covers no.34) insert from HEOS-2 launch cover, also front	"The satellite will study the magnetosphere, the huge teardrop-shaped envelope surrounding the Earth. It is formed by the solar wind "blowing" on the Earth's magnetic field". It will also "investigate the strength and direction of the magnetic fields encountered, the energy distribution of protons and electrons [and] the nature of the solar winds"
United States	1972-03-03	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) insert1 from Pioneer-10 launch cover, also insert2 and front	After exploring Jupiter, "Pioneer-10 will cruise on into the far reaches of the solar system to look for where the solar wind stops blowing. The solar wind is an extension of the atmosphere of the Sun and consists of hot, electrically-charged gases flowing out in all directions at average speeds of 1 million miles per hour"
United States	1972-03-03	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) insert1 from Pioneer-10 launch cover, also insert2 and front
United States	1972-03-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Blue printed) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover, also insert	"make measurements of high-energy X-ray spectrum of the Sun [and] investigate primary particles of cosmic and solar origin [and] solar proton fluxes"
United States	1972-03-11	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers orange) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover	"Study high energy emissions from stellar and Sun sources, study X-rays and gamma rays without atmospheric interference, study composition of primary particles of solar and cosmic origin"
United States	1972-03-11	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers gold) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover
United States	1972-03-11	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers yellow-orange) cachet on ESRO-TD1A launch cover
United States	1972-03-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Space Voyage) insert from on ESRO-TD1A launch cover, also front	"measure regions of the high-energy X-ray spectrum of the Sun, and ... measure composition of primary particles of cosmic and solar origin as well as proton fluxes"
United States	1972-03-11	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Solar Covers no.35) insert from ESRO-TD1A launch cover, also front	Satellite was able to measure "regions of the high-energy X-ray spectrum of the Sun, and ... [the] composition of primary particles of cosmic and solar origin, as well as proton fluxes".
United States	1972-04-16	USPS	(Black rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-16 launch cover	"4th Weather Wing ... Space Environment Division ... Air Weather Service ... Observe, Report, Analyze, Predict Solar Activity and Disturbances"
Italy	1972-04-20	Perdasdefogu	(Perdasdefogu rocket range) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover	"Magnetometro fisso" (fixed lunar surface magnetometer (LSM)) and "Magnetometro portatile" (portable magnetometer)
United States	1972-04-20	Washington DC	(Smithsonian blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover	The "lunar surface ultraviolet camera/spectrograph" mostly made astronomical observations, but also was pointed at Earth to study the upper atmosphere and the auroras.
Australia	1972-04-21	Two Wells SA	(Green rubber-stamp) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover	"Buckland Park, world's largest Ionoscope aerial array⁷"
United States	1972-04-24	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover	"Solar wind" and diagram of magnetosphere
United States	1972-04-24	Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel)	(Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert	"To measure magnetic fields [and] solar wind particles"
United States	1972-04-24	Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel)	(Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States	1972-04-24	Titusville FL	(Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States	1972-04-24	Cape Canaveral FL	(Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States	1972-04-24	Houston TX	(Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 P&FS deployment cover, also insert
United States	1972-04-25	Patrick AFB, FL	(Solar Covers no.39) insert from Apollo-16 event cover, also front	the "experiment Microbial Response in Space Environment was designed to determine the response of selected microorganisms to [the] space environment"; "60 million microorganisms" were "exposed to the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun"; also, the "Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED) [was placed] outside the command module for 10 minutes of exposure to the direct rays of the Sun"
United States	1972-09-22	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert	"Measure changes in Earth's magnetic tail as affected by [the] solar wind"; measure the nature and effect of "cosmic rays" including the hypothesis that they are the "source of radiation trapped in the Van Allen Belts"; [the IMP satellites] "produced the first accurate measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field and the first mapping of Earth's magnetic tail. They have also served as an early-warning system for Apollo astronauts on dangerously high radiation doses resulting from solar eruptions" (from FDC and insert)
United States	1972-09-22	Kennedy Space Center FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States	1972-09-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States	1972-09-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States	1972-09-22	Patrick AFB, FL (inverted)	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert
United States	1972-09-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover	"Study galactic & solar cosmic rays, plasma & electrical field tests, check solar flare⁴ danger to Apollo-17 launch"
United States	1972-09-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover	"to survey interplanetary radiation, the solar wind and magnetic fields"
United States	1972-09-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover
United States	1972-09-23	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover	"Studying solar and galactic cosmic radiation, solar plasma, solar wind, energetic particles, ..."
United States	1972-09-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.33) insert from Explorer-47 launch (airmail) cover, also front	"will be able to measure the changes of Earth's magnetic tail as the changing solar wind 'weather' disturbs Earth's environment"; also "Continue solar flare⁴ detection" (on front)
United States	1972-09-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(CISCO/Fydo "Eyewitness to Space" Cover no.8) cachet on Explorer-47 launch cover, also insert	"study of magnetic fields, particles and solar flare protection for astronauts"
United States	1972-10-02	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Radcat-2 and Radsat launch cover	carried "5 payloads" that made measurements related to space weather, including an "ionosphere particle identifier", a "gamma spectrometer" and an "ultraviolet radiation payload"
United States	1972-10-15	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Polar Covers) cachet on NOAA-2 and OSCAR-6 launch cover, also back and insert and insert back	"Solar Proton Monitor"
United States	1972-10-15	Lompoc CA	(Polar Covers) cachet on NOAA-2 and OSCAR-6 launch cover, also back and insert and insert back
United States	1972-11-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.41) cachet on ESRO-4 launch (airmail) cover, also insert1 and insert2	"Polar ionosphere monitor; monitor Sun flares⁴; study high energy solar particles in polar regions"
United States	1972-11-21	Lompoc CA	(Polar Covers) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover	"Studies ionosphere and solar particles"
United States	1972-11-21	Lompoc CA, Vandenberg AFB	(Polar Covers) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover
United States	1972-11-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover	"to study the Aurora Borealis and related phenomena of the polar atmosphere"
United States	1972-11-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers orange) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover	"Six scientific and technological experiments to measure and investigate [the] polar [not "plora"] atmosphere"
United States	1972-11-21	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers yellow) cachet on ESRO-4 launch cover
United States	1972-12-16	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Aeros-1 launch cover	"To measure ... the solar ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength band of main absorption"
United States	1973-04-05	Patrick AFB, FL	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.44) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover, also insert	"extensive survey of Jupiter's atmosphere, radiation, temperatures, magnetic fields and chemical composition"
United States	1973-04-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover	To measure Jupiter's "radiation and magnetic fields"
United States	1973-04-06	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover	"To measure Jupiter's radiation [and] magnetic field"
Spain	1973-04-06	Cebreros (Ávila province)	(Red printed) cachet on Pioneer-11 launch cover	Solar CME (Coronal Mass Ejection)⁹
United States	1973-05-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-1⁶ launch cover	"Solar telescope to study Sun"
United States	1973-05-15	Boulder CO	(NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Skylab⁶ launch cover	"NOAA Space Environment Lab, Space Environment Forecast Center"; "Space Environment support to Skylab"; depiction of solar prominence; symbolic solar wind moving toward Skylab and Earth
United States	1973-05-25	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ launch cover, also detail	Solar prominence
United States	1973-05-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	Insert from Skylab-2⁶ launch cover (mission patch cachet and signatures), also insert back, and cover front	"Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)⁵ - Scientific module for [the] study of solar phenomena"
United States	1973-05-30	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Mission patch and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ event cover	"Solar [and] ERTS experiments" ("solar experiments" refers to solar flare⁴ observations)
United States	1973-06-10	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-49 launch cover	Depiction of solar wind interacting with Earth's magnetosphere
United States	1973-06-15	Houston TX	(Red logo and black rubber-stamp) cachets on Skylab-2⁶ event cover	"solar flare"⁴ observations
United States	1973-06-19	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ event cover	"over 30,000 photographs taken by the solar telescope" (refers to the ATM⁵)
United States	1973-06-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-2⁶ event cover	"80% of [planned] solar telescope exp[eriments] ... completed" (refers to experiments using the ATM⁵)
United States	1973-07-16	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ITOS-E [failed] launch cover	"Solar wind" and solar "cosmic rays"
United States	1973-07-28	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover, also insert	"Scientific emphasis on solar study"; also "study the physics of the Sun" (in insert text)
United States	1973-08-09	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Port Philatelic Society) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover; (also Space Port Local Post FDC)	Skylab-3⁶ solar observations made on this date using the ATM⁵ include this false-colour image of a solar prominence
United States	1973-08-10	Houston TX	(Blue logo and black rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	"Sun radiation" observations (refers to observations of the solar corona using a coronagraph³)
United States	1973-08-21	Houston TX	(Mission patch) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	observation of a "Sun eruption"
United States	1973-08-22	Houston TX	(Blue printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	"ATM"⁵, used in solar observations from Skylab)
United States	1973-08-24	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	Astronauts Lousma and Garriot "change film in solar telescope cameras [and] adjust doors on solar telescope" (the "solar telescope" is the ATM⁵)
United States	1973-08-31	Houston TX	(Yellow-orange printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	"spotted two small solar flares"⁴
United States	1973-09-02	Houston TX	(Green printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	"Small solar flare⁴ observed"
United States	1973-09-03	Houston TX	(Blue logo and black rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	solar "storm study"
United States	1973-09-05	Houston TX	(Green printed) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	"Two solar flares⁴ observed"
United States	1973-09-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers, no logo) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ event cover	Skylab's ATM⁵ housed several instruments (including a "white light coronagraph³") that recorded "explosions on the Sun that interfere with Earth's weather and communications"
United States	1973-09-25	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-3⁶ landing cover	gathered "77,600 Sun photos" (using the ATM⁵)
United States	1973-10-25	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover	"Study the cislunar radiation environment over significant portion of solar cycle, interplanetary magnetic field and Earth's magnetosphere"
United States	1973-10-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover	Study "Earth's magnetosphere" and "develop solar-flare⁴ prediction capability and determine radiation hazard for manned missions to the planets"
United States	1973-10-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS and red logo) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States	1973-10-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS and blue logo) cachet (and signature) on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States	1973-10-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover	"Study of magnetosphere"
United States	1973-10-26	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States	1973-10-26	Cape Canaveral FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover
United States	1973-10-26	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-50 launch cover	"Measuring energy particals (i.e. energetic particles), plasma & magnetic and electrical fields. To compare [with] data of Mariner and Pioneer spacecraft for separating the effects of [the] Sun from those of the galaxy"
United States	1973-11-03	Cape Canaveral FL	(Astro Covers, no logo) cachet on Mariner-10 launch cover	"Solar wind" and "Plasma shock front"
United States	1973-11-06	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on NOAA-3 launch cover	"Solar wind", solar "cosmic rays", and "solar proton monitor"
United States	1973-11-16	Washington DC (pictorial cancel)	(Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover	The primary mission of the Naval Research Lab's "Far UV Observatory" (aka the Extreme UV Spectroheliograph) was to observe, from Skylab, the solar chromosphere, transition region and low corona in the wavelength range 150 - 615 Angstroms
United States	1973-11-16	Washington DC (text cancel)	(Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover
United States	1973-11-16	Kennedy Space Center FL	(IASP blue rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover
United States	1973-11-16	Kennedy Space Center FL	Insert from Skylab-4⁶ launch cover (mission patch cachet and signatures), also insert back, and cover front	"Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)⁵ - Scientific module for [the] study of solar phenomena"
United States	1973-11-16	USPS	(NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Skylab-4⁶ launch cover	"NOAA Space Environment Lab, Space Environment Forecast Center"; "Space Environment support to Skylab"; depiction of solar prominence; symbolic solar wind moving toward Skylab and Earth
United States	1973-11-16	USPS	(NOAA-SEL blue rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on Skylab-4⁶ launch (airmail) cover
United States	1973-11-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	Astronauts Pogue and Gibson "deploy cosmic ray experiments and replace film in five solar telescopes" (refers to film for the ATM⁵)
United States	1973-11-23	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	"Reload solar telescope" (refers to film for the ATM⁵)
United States	1973-11-23	Houston TX	(MSC) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	"ATM operations" (refers to the Apollo Telescope Mount⁵)
Austria	1973-12-03	Gmünd	(Red printed) cachet on Pioneer-10 event cover	Carried instruments that could gather data useful in the study of space weather: "magnetometer, plasma analyzer, particle telescope, radiation meter, Geiger counter ... UV spectrometer, polarimeter" (in German text)
United States	1973-12-10	Houston TX	(MSC) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	"S055 experiment" (the S055, part of the ATM⁵, was a UV spectrometer used for solar observations)
United States	1973-12-11	Houston TX	(MSC) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	"S054 image problem" (the S054, part of the ATM⁵, was an X-ray spectrographic telescope used for solar observations)
United States	1973-12-15	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-51 launch cover	Depiction of solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere
United States	1974-01-17	Houston TX	(MSC yellow-gold printed) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	Depictions of "solar activity" including solar "surge[s]", a "rising [solar] prominence" and a solar "flare"⁴; "crew views prominence"
United States	1974-01-20	Houston TX	(MSC brown printed) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	"Sun spot viewed" (part of mission of solar observation)
United States	1974-01-24	Houston TX	(MSC yellow-gold printed) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	observations of solar "surge", "flare"⁴ and "rising prominence"
United States	1974-01-28	Patrick AFB, FL	(Orange-brown rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover	"Solar observations"; "Astronaut Ed Gibson observes solar activity"
United States	1974-01-28	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orange-brown rubber-stamp) cachet on Skylab-4⁶ event cover
United States	1974-02-05	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover	studied the "magnetic field" of Venus
United States	1974-02-05	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover
United States	1974-02-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover
United States	1974-02-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover
Germany (West)	1974-02-05	Berlin	Back of Skylab-4⁶ event cover, also annotated, and front	The SWCE² (set up to the right of the LEM)
United States	1974-02-11	Cape Canaveral FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover	"SPHINX¹⁵ satellite - Space plasma high voltage interaction experiment"
United States	1974-02-11	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover
United States	1974-02-11	Orlando FL, Kennedy Space Center Branch	(SCPS ser.74/2 no.207) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover	"SPHINX¹⁵ - "experimental spacecraft will test space plasma effect on high voltage insulating systems"
United States	1974-02-11	Orlando FL, Kennedy Space Center Branch	(SCPS, no logo) cachet on Viking-DS and SPHINX launch cover
Austria	1974-03-29	Gmünd	(Gmünder Weltraumfreunde) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover	carried some instruments that could gather data useful in the study of space weather: "UV-Spektrometer, Magnetometer, Plasma Sonde, Teilchen Detektor [particle detector]"
United States	1974-03-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover	measured Mercury's "magnetic field" and its "solar wind interaction"
United States	1974-05-17	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on SMS-1 launch cover	"Monitor solar flare⁴ activity", "satellite monitors conditions of the Sun"
United States	1974-06-03	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Centennial) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover	"to investigate the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field"
United States	1974-06-03	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover	To "study interaction of solar wind conditions ... [and] Earth's magnetic field"
United States	1974-06-03	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover	"studies relevant to solar wind injection into the magnetosphere"
United States	1974-06-03	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover
United States	1974-06-03	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on Explorer-52 launch cover	The primary objective was "to investigate the interaction of the solar wind with emphasis on the North Polar [Ice] Cap"
United States	1974-08-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(MoF no.18) insert back from Explorer-6 anniversary-of-launch cover, also insert front and cover front	studied the "interaction between the outer region of the Van Allen radiation belts and the solar wind"
United States	1974-11-15	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on NOAA-4 and Intasat and OSCAR-7 and Intasat launch cover	"measures electron content of ionosphere"
United States	1974-11-15	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on NOAA-4 and Intasat and OSCAR-7 and Intasat launch cover	"worldwide observation of the Total Electron Content (TEC), ionospheric irregularities and scintillations"
United States	1974-11-15	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet (and signature) on NOAA-4 and Intasat and OSCAR-7 and Intasat launch cover
United States	1974-12-02	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Pioneer-11 event cover	"Observe [Jupiter's] magnetic field; radiation belt 40,000 x that of Earth"
Spain	1974-12-10	Madrid	(Blue printed) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover	"Measures the solar wind [and] magnetic and electrical fields"
United States	1974-12-10	Cape Canaveral FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover	To "measure Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States	1974-12-10	Cape Canaveral FL	(SCPS ser.74/19) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover, also back	"will measure the direction and energy of sub-atomic particles, micrometeoroids, X-rays and magnetic fields that make up the solar wind"
United States	1974-12-10	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Helios-1 launch cover	"measure solar wind, magnetic field, solar and galactic rays and electromagnetic waves"
United States	1975-02-06	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover	"measure proton, electron, solar X-rays and magnetic fields"
United States	1975-02-06	Cape Canaveral FL	(InterSpace Cover) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover
United States	1975-02-06	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover
United States	1975-02-06	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover	"monitoring space environment"
United States	1975-02-06	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on SMS-2 launch cover	"Monitor solar flare⁴ activity", "satellite monitors conditions of the Sun"
Australia	1975-03-15	Adelaide SA	(Purple and red and green rubber-stamp) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"to measure magnetic fields, solar particles and cosmic rays from both the Sun and other parts of the universe"
United States	1975-03-15	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"Measurements of Sun's surface and solar wind"
United States	1975-03-15	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet (and signature) on Helios-1 event cover
United States	1975-03-16	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Mariner-10 event cover	"Investigation of solar wind and cosmic ray particles"
United States	1975-03-16	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet (different) on Mariner-10 event cover
Australia	1975-04-21	Adelaide SA	(Black printed) cachet on Aryabhata launch cover	"studies X-ray emission from outer space, solar neutrons and gamma rays emanating from the Sun"
Australia	1975-09-10	Adelaide SA	(Green rubber-stamp) cachet on Viking-2 launch cover	"World's largest Ionoscope aerial array⁷, Buckland Park, S.A."
United States	1975-10-16	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on GOES-1 launch cover	"monitor solar flare⁴ activity"
United States	1975-12-05	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on DAD Explorer [failed] launch cover	"Study rate atmosphere is escaping from Earth"
United States	1975-12-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on DSP-5 launch cover	"Plasma probe sensor"; "Faraday cup"; "Omnidirectional proton spectrometers"; "Directional particle detectors"; "Magnetometer sensor"
United States	1976-01-15	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover	"measure solar wind, magnetic field, solar and galactic rays and electromagnetic waves"
United States	1976-01-15	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover	"to study solar wind, solar and galactic cosmic rays"
United States	1976-01-15	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover	"to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States	1976-01-15	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage blue and orange) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover
United States	1976-01-15	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage blue and orange) cachet (slightly different) on Helios-2 launch cover
United States	1976-01-15 (year inverted)	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Helios-2 launch cover	"to investigate ... the Sun's outer corona"
United States	1976-01-15 (year inverted)	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet (and signatures) on Helios-2 launch cover
United States	1976-03-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SolRad-11A/11B and LES-8/9 launch cover	"To detect solar flares⁴ that affect navigation and communications"
United States	1976-03-15	Kennedy Space Center FL	(NRL) folder inside5, also inside1 and inside2 and inside3 and inside4 and SolRad-11A/11B and LES-8/9 launch front	"Earth's solar radiation environment", with schematic solar flares, magnetosphere and "aurorae"
United States	1976-03-29	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"to study solar electric waves and particles"
United States	1976-04-16	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"To measure [the] Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States	1976-10-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"Measure Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States	1977-04-20	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on ESA-GEOS-1 launch cover	"To explore magnetic and electric fields 22,300 miles above Earth at the equator"
United States	1977-04-20	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ESA-GEOS-1 launch cover	"study magnetic and electric fields surrounding Earth"
United States	1977-04-20	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on ESA-GEOS-1 launch cover	"Designed to make integrated scientific studies of the magnetosphere"
United States	1977-04-23	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States	1977-07-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on GMS-1 launch cover	"monitor solar flare⁴ activity"
United States	1977-08-20	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Master no.8) cachet on Voyager-2 launch cover, also back	"Measure magnetosphere of Jupiter"
United States	1977-09-05	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Master no.9) cachet on Voyager-1 launch cover, also back	"Measure magnetosphere of Jupiter"
Russia (USSR)	1977-09-29	Kosmodrome Baikonur	(Red rubber-stamp) cachet on Prognoz-6 launch cover	Symbolic solar storms, solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere
United States	1977-10-21	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage, no logo) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"study of Sun's electric waves and particles"
United States	1977-10-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover	Depiction of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere
United States	1977-10-22	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover	"will investigate solar-terrestrial relationships at the outermost boundaries of the Earth's magnetosphere and will examine in detail the solar wind near Earth and the shock wave which forms the interface between the solar wind and the Earth"
United States	1977-10-22	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover	"to obtain detailed Earth magnetosphere and solar data"

United States	1977-10-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover
United States	1977-10-25	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on Explorer-56 and ISEE-2 launch cover	"To study the magnetosphere and other phenomena in the near-Earth environment"
United States	1978-01-31	Pasadena CA	(Gold printed) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover	"discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts around the Earth"
United States	1978-01-31	Cape Canaveral FL	(Blue printed) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover
United States	1978-01-31	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Whitney blue) cachet on Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover	"Van Allan (sic) radiation belt"
United States	1978-01-31	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Whitney blue) cachet (and signature) on (airmail) Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover
United States	1978-04-29	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"to study solar electric waves and particles"
United States	1978-07-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover	Investigate "waves and particles in magnetosphere"
United States	1978-07-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover
United States	1978-07-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover	To "study magnetic and electric fields surrounding Earth"
United States	1978-07-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Centennial) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover	"This satellite will become a reference for ongoing international magnetospheric study"
United States	1978-07-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover
United States	1978-07-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover	"Will study magnetic field which surrounds Earth"
United States	1978-07-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet (and signature) on ESA-GEOS-2 launch cover
United States	1978-08-08	Kennedy Space Center FL	(KSC Philatelic Society) cachet on Pioneer-13 launch cover	studied the "interaction of atmosphere and solar wind"
Spain	1978-08-12	Madrid	(Orange printed) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover	"Examines in detail the structure of the solar wind near the Earth"
United States	1978-08-12	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover	Depiction of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere
United States	1978-08-12	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover	"aligned with ISEE 1 and 2 to obtain comparative magnetosphere and solar data"
United States	1978-08-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover
United States	1978-08-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch cover	"Will join two other ISEE spacecraft in orbit to study effects of solar radiation on Earth's magnetic field
United States	1978-08-12	Cape Canaveral FL	(Whitney orange and blue) cachet on Explorer-59 / ISEE-3 / ICE launch (airmail) cover	"To study the Earth's magnetic field and gamma ray bursts"
United States	1978-11-01	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States	1978-11-05	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"study of properties & processes close to the Sun"
United States	1972-12-18	Cape Canaveral FL	(Orbit Covers) cachet on Apollo-17 event cover	"Particles & Fields"; depiction of Earth's magnetosphere under the influence of the solar wind
United States	1979-01-30	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SCATHA launch cover	"to prevent buildup of static electric charge on high altitude spacecraft"
United States	1979-01-30	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SCATHA launch cover
United States	1979-01-30	GSFC, MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on SCATHA launch cover	"to measure the characteristics of the electron charging process during high altitude orbits, to determine the response of the satellite charging and to evaluate techniques which may correct the problem"
United States	1979-01-30	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on SCATHA launch cover	"designed to find solutions to the problem of 'static charging' which has damaged previous satellites"
United States	1979-01-30	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet (and signature) on SCATHA launch cover
United States	1979-02-24	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Solwind launch cover	"To determine the nature and extent of solar wind effects on the Earth's magnetosphere and near-Earth environment"
United States	1979-02-24¹	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Zaso silk/IASP no.9) cachet on Solwind launch cover	made measurements of the solar wind in the Earth's magnetosphere and near-Earth environment; instrumentation included "solar flare⁴ ozone detectors"
United States	1979-02-24	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Zaso silk/IASP no.9) cachet on Solwind launch cover
United States	1979-05-08	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"to investigate properties and processes in interplanetary space close to the Sun"
United States	1979-07-11	Washington DC	(Smithsonian multi-color printed) cachet on Skylab re-entry cover	"Skylab falls due to undue sunspot activity causing it to lose orbital capability¹⁰"
United States	1979-11-07	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"to study solar electric waves and particles"
United States	1980-02-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover	"to provide scientists with observations of solar flares⁴ over many wavelengths to learn the causes of solar flares⁴ and how they might be predicted"; "solar flares⁴ are expected to occur most frequently near the maximum of the Sun's eleven-year cycle"
United States	1980-02-14	Cape Canaveral FL	(Space Voyage) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover
United States	1980-02-14	Greenbelt MD	(Space Voyage) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover
United States	1980-02-14	Kennedy Space Center FL	(SCPS) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover	To "monitor eruptions on the Sun during 1980, a peak year in solar disturbances"
United States	1980-02-14	Greenbelt MD	(GSFC Stamp Club) cachet on SMM [rocket] launch cover	"to provide a facility for the study of solar activity during the next solar maximum and to gain a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of solar flares"⁴
United States	1980-05-12	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"Measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
United States	1980-11-14	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-2 event cover	"measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"
United States	1980-12-05	Pasadena CA	(Space Voyage) cachet on Helios-1 event cover	"measures Sun's magnetic fields, plasma particles and emissions"

¹This Solwind cover should have a 1979 "Feb" 24 cancel date, instead of 1979 "Mar" 24 as incorrectly given.
²The Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWCE) was deployed on the Moon during five Apollo missions (Apollo-11, 12, 14, 15, and 16). The goal of the SWCE was to sample and measure the solar wind at a location outside of Earth's magnetosphere. It provided the first accurate measurements of the He, Ne, and Ar isotopic components of the solar wind. The experiment consisted of a sheet of pure metal foil, 1-foot wide and 4.6 feet high, mounted on a pole inserted into the soil of the Moon's surface. The foil was exposed for various amounts of time in the different Apollo missions and was then stowed and returned to Earth for analysis. This photo shows Apollo-11 astronaut Edwin Aldrin beside the mounted SWCE sheet; this photo shows a close view of the similar SWCE sheet from the Apollo-12 mission; this diagram provides a few details for the deployed sheet.
³A coronagraph is a special telescope equipped with a disk that blacks out ("occults") the solar disk, thereby making possible daylight observations of the solar corona.
⁴A solar flare is a sudden massive eruption of energy from the Sun, mostly in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which reaches Earth in around 8 minutes and can affect wireless communications through its interactions with the ionosphere. Solar flares are often accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs)⁵, which dramatically strengthen the solar wind, which can result in other significant space weather effects on and near Earth if they strike the Earth.
⁵A CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) is a massive eruption of matter from the solar corona that moves away from the Sun in a huge "cloud" of energetic solar particles. CMEs can cause significant space weather effects.
⁶The numbered Skylab missions are identified on the Skylab-mission Earth imagery page.
⁷The Buckland Park Ionoscope Aerial Array is a large antenna array 40 km north of Adelaide, South Australia. The name "Ionoscope" refers to "viewing" the ionosphere ("iono" plus the suffix "scope"). The array was constructed from 1965 to 1968 and upgraded from 1991 to 1995. It consists of a 1-km diameter array of 89 individually-accessible north-south and east-west aligned half-wave dipole antennas. The Buckland Park Medium Frequency (BPMF) radar operates through the array and conducts upper atmospheric research in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region (approximately 50 to 110 km), which corresponds to the ionospheric D region and the lower part of the ionospheric E region. The system can observe wind velocities, turbulence intensities, atmospheric structure, electron densities and collision frequencies, and ionization rates in the MLT region. Some of those measurements are useful in space weather studies.
⁸PSP is the Parker Solar Probe, launched 12 August 2018. Its mission is to try and answer three basic questions about the Sun:
1. How is the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, heated to temperatures about 300 times higher than the visible surface below?
2. How is the solar wind accelerated so quickly to the high speeds we observe?
3. How do some of the Sun's most energetic particles rocket away from the Sun at more than half the speed of light?
For more information, see https://earthsky.org/space/parker-solar-probe-1st-image-from-inside-suns-atmosphere.
⁹THEMIS studied how the solar wind can interact with the Earth's magnetosphere in such a way that magnetic field lines are concentrated on the night side until they suddenly release large amounts of energy in bursts of magnetic reconnection. That release, known as a "magnetic substorm", is believed to be the cause of the aurora.
¹⁰Skylab re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up on 11 July 1979. This was earlier than was expected when the station was operational in 1973 and 1974. The reason is that solar activity after the last Skylab mission was greater than forecast. This heated the outer layers of the atmosphere more than originally expected, which caused the atmosphere to expand so that Skylab experienced more drag than forecast, so that it came down sooner than it otherwise would have done. This is an example of a subtle but real space weather effect.
¹¹MSC-2 was a proton-electron spectrometer and MSC-3 was a triaxial magnetometer. The goal of the MSC-2/MSC-3 experiment was the simultaneous measurement of the external radiation environment and the radiation dose received by the Gemini-7 crew, for shield verification and dose prediction.
¹²The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) was formerly known as the Space Environment Center (SEC), or the Space Environment Services Center. Its mission is to continually monitor, analyze and forecast Earth's space environment. The SWPC is the official source of space weather forecasts, alerts and warnings for the United States.
¹⁴The Solar Wind Spectrometer (SWS) was deployed on the lunar surface by Apollo-12 and Apollo-15. Although the solar wind contains ions of most chemical elements (including the noble gases measured by the Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWCE)), over 95% of the particles in the solar wind are electrons and protons, in roughly equal numbers. The SWS measured the flux of protons and electrons as a function of particle velocity. The measurements were made in a set of seven detector cups with different orientations in order to determine the direction of particle motion. Most of the measured flux was in the detector that was oriented most directly toward the Sun.
¹⁵SPHINX: Space Plasma High voltage INteraction eXperiment

Country Cancel Date Cancel Location Type of Item Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Launch Covers, sub-orbital rocket-related)
United States 1959-07-14 Lompoc CA (Historical Space Covers) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Asp rocket solar X-ray/solar flares¹² mission (Project Sunflare II); Point Arguello launch; reached 200 km; "fired to gather scientific data on solar flares"¹² and "recorded [solar] radiation to 150 mi. alt."
United States 1959-07-14 Lompoc CA (Historical Space Covers) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States 1959-07-14 Lompoc CA (Highway Stamp Club?) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1960-08-23 Wallops Island VA (Goldcraft) cachet (with rocket design similar to USA cinderella 1959) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-150A cosmic rays mission
United States 1960-09-19 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Zaso printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D8 (Journeyman) cosmic rays mission; Vandenberg launch; reached 1884 km
United States 1960-09-20 Patrick AFB, FL (C. Swanson purple rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout Jr magnetospheric and radiation probe 1 mission; Cape Canaveral launch (on 21 September); reached 27,600 km, but no data were received due to telemetry failure
United States 1960-09-21 Port Canaveral FL (Goldcraft Cachets) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1960-10-04 Wallops Island VA (Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Scout-X1 radiation probe magnetospheric plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 5600 km
United States 1960-10-04 Wallops Island VA (Highway Stamp Club/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1960-12-08 Wallops Island VA (Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Cajun Langmuir probe ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 152 km
United States 1960-12-12 Wallops Island VA (Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Javelin magnetosphere and magnetic fields mission (carried the first rubidium-vapor magnetometer into the ionosphere); Wallops Island launch; reached 1140 km
United States 1960-12-12 Wallops Island VA (Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1961-01-07 Patrick AFB, FL (Jim Fitzpatrick magenta and black rubber-stamp and hand-written) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout HETS⁸ A1-1 plasma/radio astronomy mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 1600 km
United States 1961-01-07 Patrick AFB, FL (DuBeau? magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States 1961-01-07 Patrick AFB, FL (Swanson magenta and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States 1961-03-03 Patrick AFB, FL (Swanson black and magenta and cyan rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout HETS⁸ A2-1 plasma mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 2540 km; "to study the potential radiation threat to manned space flight"
United States 1961-03-03 Port Canaveral FL (Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1961-03-26 Wallops Island VA (Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-300A ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 386 km
United States 1961-06-26 Wallops Island VA (Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch on June 24; reached 1018 km
United States 1961-06-26 Wallops Island VA (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1961-06-26 Wallops Island VA (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also back
United States 1961-07-20 Wallops Island VA (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Nike-Apache magnetic fields/magnetospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 193 km
United States 1961-10-10 Wallops Island VA (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) mission to study electrically-charged helium atoms in the upper atmosphere; Wallops Island launch; reached 1544 km
United States 1961-10-14 Wallops Island VA (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 1055 km
United States 1961-10-19 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Scout plasma study mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 6855 km
United States 1961-10-19 Wallops Island VA (hand cancel) (Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States 1961-11-15 Vandenberg AFB, CA (Goldcraft) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover experiments included measuring radiation effects on "biological specimens"
United States 1961-11-18 Lompoc CA (Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover carried "a variety of small organisms including human blood to test radiation on living matter to avoid danger in space for our space men of the future"
United States 1961-12-04 Lompoc CA (Sarzin?) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout Jr magnetospheric/solar proton mission; Point Arguello launch; reached 44,400 km
United States 1961-12-21 Wallops Island VA (Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-300A ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 365 km
United States 1962-04-12 Patrick AFB, FL (C. Swanson blue and black rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout-1 radiation measurement and re-entry test mission (failed when the second stage did not ignite); Cape Canaveral launch; reached 30
United States 1962-04-12 Patrick AFB, FL (C. Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1962-04-12 Patrick AFB, FL (AB Covers/Boerger) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1962-04-12 Port Canaveral FL (SpaceCraft Type-C general-purpose and red typed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Sweden 1962-08-07 Kabdalis (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Cajun air sample aeronomy, magnetic storms and noctilucent clouds mission; Kronogard (Sweden) launch; reached 120 km; "the rocket brought 40 kilos of instruments 120 km up to study the bright night clouds and the magnetic storms"
Norway 1962-08-18 Andenes (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Cajun air sample aeronomy, magnetic storms and noctilucent clouds mission; Kronogard (Sweden) launch (on 7 August); reached 120 km; "Purpose (was) to study the magnetic storms north of the Polar circle"
Norway 1962-08-18 Andenes (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Cajun Ferdinand-1¹⁷ ionospheric mission ("to study what causes the radio blackouts during periods of sunspots and northern lights eruptions"); Andøya Rocket Range launch; reached 100 km
United States 1962-10-16 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Apache Langmuir probe/ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 166 km
Norway 1962-12-11 Andenes (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Cajun-Ferdinand-2¹⁸ polar ionospheric mission; joint NASA-Norway-Denmark project; Andoya, Norway launch; reached 123 km; "Purpose (was) to study the cosmic particles north of the Polar circle"
United States 1963-02-11 Wallops Island VA (Swanson/DuBeau? blue and red and green rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D8 (Journeyman) electron spectrometer magnetospheric mission; Vandenberg launch; reached 1675 km
United States 1963-04-12 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-150A CSIRO⁴ VLF ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 198 km
United States 1963-07-02 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Javelin (Argo-D4) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 934 km
United States 1963-07-02 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Sweden 1963-08-07 Kabdalis (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover "to study the bright night [noctilucent] clouds and magnetic storms in polar regions"
Norway 1963-09-12 Andenes (Pre Bon) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover "First successful Nike-Cajun firing, 1963" (but records show that a Nike-Apache rocket was actually fired); mission was to study ionospheric and solar effects on radio blackout; Andoya launch; reached 136 km; carried "apparatus to register what causes radio "black-outs" in Polar regions"
United States 1963-09-30 Wallops Island VA (Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Javelin (Argo-D4) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch on 28 September; reached 1037 km
United States 1963-09-30 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1964-01-15 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Apache auroral mission for Rice University; Wallops Island launch (on 14 January); reached 90 km
United States 1964-01-15 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1964-01-29 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-300A thermosphere probe mission; Wallops Island launch (on 28 January); reached 309 km
United States 1964-01-29 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1964-03-13 Cape Canaveral FL (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout USAF OAR¹⁴ / AFCRL⁶ magnetospheric mission; Cape Canaveral launch; unsuccessful despite reaching 600 km because a fourth stage failure prevented the rocket from reaching the planned 37,000 km
Iceland 1964-08-01 Vik (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover (French rocket) Dragon-D10 ionospheric and Van Allen belt mission; launched from Myrdalssandur (Iceland); reached 440 km
United States 1964-10-08 Wallops Island VA (Swanson and Goldcraft hybrid black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric ion composition mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 1004 km
United States 1964-10-08 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (sub-orbital) rocket launch on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1964-10-19 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 840 km
United States 1964-10-19 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1964-10-19 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1965-01-13 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) "mother-daughter" ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 1006 km
United States 1965-01-13 Wallops Island VA (Sarzin black printed/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1965-04-09 Cape Canaveral FL (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout USAF OAR¹⁴ / AFWL¹⁵ magnetospheric mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 25,422 km
United States 1965-05-12 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Blue Scout rocket magnetospheric mission; reached 13,586 km; "probing [Van Allen] radiation belt data obtained to protect men in space"
United States 1965-05-12 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Swanson blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1965-05-12 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Celestial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1965-09-23 Wallops Island VA (Black printed and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 805 km; "NASA space experiment flight leading towards manned flights to the planets"
United States 1965-09-23 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 805 km
United States 1966-02-17 Wallops Island VA (Sarzin? and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Apache E / B currents (Electricity / Birkeland currents) plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 186 km
United States 1966-03-02 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-150A solar extreme UV astronomy mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 228 km
France 1966-03-17 Poste aux Armées (JG) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Véronique solar radiance measurement mission; Hammaguir launch; altitude reached unknown
United States 1966-08-26 Wallops Island VA (Sarzin? and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Two Nike-Tomahawk Thermosphere Probe aeronomy missions; Wallops Island launch; reached 287 km and 308 km
United States 1966-08-26 Wallops Island VA (HJM blue and Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1966-08-26 Wallops Island VA (Sarzin? and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-150A Extreme UV/Solar mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 212 km
United States 1966-11-30 Wallops Island VA (Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk particles and plasma mission (for the University of New Hampshire); Wallops Island launch; reached 359 km
United States 1967-01-24 Kennedy Space Center FL (Swanson red rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk diurnal thermosphere/ionosphere aeronomy mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 325 km
United States 1967-01-24 Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel) (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Six Nike-Tomahawk diurnal thermosphere/ionosphere aeronomy missions; Cape Canaveral launches; reached from 320 to 336 km
United States 1967-01-24 Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel) (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1967-02-24 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Astrobee-1500 solar radio frequencies mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 2380 km
United States 1967-02-25 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Astrobee-1500 solar radio frequencies mission; Wallops Island launch (on 24 February); reached 2380 km
United States 1967-03-14 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-150A OSO-3 calibration and extreme UV mission for AFCRL⁶; Wallops Island launch; reached 205 km
United States 1967-03-14 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States 1967-03-22 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-150A OSO-3 calibration and solar extreme UV mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 229 km
United States 1967-03-22 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1967-03-30 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Nike-Tomahawk GCA Corp. ion probe ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 237 km
United States 1967-03-31 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) Nike-Tomahawk rocket launch cover "to test ... electrical fields [and] atomic oxygen"
United States 1967-06-21 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Argo-D4 (Javelin) ISIS-X (Explorer-31) overflight and ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 792 km
Sweden 1967-07-31 Kiruna (Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Centaure-2B ionospheric mission; Kiruna launch; reached 130 km
Italy 1967-09-27 Perdasdefogu (Green and red and orange rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark ionosphere/solar X-rays mission; Salto di Quirra launch; reached 183 km; studied "the D-layer of the ionosphere and the intensity of the ionising radiations from the Sun"
Norway 1968-09-23 Andenes (Black rubber-stamp and hand-written) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk ionospheric plasma mission; Andoya launch; reached 321 km
Norway 1968-10-01 Andenes (Black rubber-stamp and hand-written) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk ionospheric plasma mission; Andoya launch; reached 228 km
Australia 1969-04-02 Glenelg SA (Black and red rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Two Skylark missions for ionospheric and X-ray measurements: SL724 (Skylark-5C, 1 April, reached 192 km); and SL502 (Skylark-6AC, 2 April, reached 273 km); Woomera launches
Australia 1969-04-02 Woomera SA (Black and purple rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Two Skylark-3 missions for solar UV and X-ray measurements; SL604 (22 April, reached 181 km) and SL606 (17 April, reached 202 km); (cancel date on cover apparently incorrect, should read 22 April); Woomera launches
United States 1970-03-06 Wallops Island VA (Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Thirty-two sounding rockets of various types (Aerobee-170, Tomahawk Sandia, ARCAS², Javelin and several with the Nike booster (Iroquois, Tomahawk, Apache, Cajun)) for solar eclipse/cessation studies¹; Wallops Island launches on March 6, 7, and 8; altitudes reached varied from the lowest (around 65 km, ARCAS² and Nike-Cajun) to the highest (829 km, Javelin)
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (Riser/Andromeda Cover no.4) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also insert
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (hand cancel) (Riser/Andromeda Cover no.4) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also insert
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (NASA? black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (Swanson gold and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1970-03-07 Colorado Springs CO (R.E. Nichol black and blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on cover, also back
United States 1970-03-09 Wallops Island VA (Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on cover
United States 1970-03-07 Wallops Island VA (Riser/Andromeda Space Cover no.5) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Aerobee-150 solar eclipse/cessation studies¹ mission (observed the "solar flash spectrum" of the solar corona in the far UV); 1:36PM launch from Wallops Island; reached 142 km
Australia 1970-07-14 Woomera SA (Brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark-B5 solar corona study mission; Woomera launch; reached 200 km
Australia 1970-07-17 Woomera SA (Dark-blue printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark-B5 solar corona study mission; Woomera launch; reached 200 km
United States 1970-09-01 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Javelin aeronomy/exosphere mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 800 km
United States 1970-09-30 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover "To study communication blackouts in space"
United States 1970-10-05 Wallops Island VA (Riser/Andromeda Cover no.17) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Barium ion cloud release mission "to aid in research of Earth's magnetic and electric fields"
United States 1971-01-29 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Boosted ARCAS² plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 122 km
United States 1971-01-29 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States 1971-01-29 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-01-29 Wallops Island VA (Swanson gold and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-06-10 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Aerobee-350 airglow and aeronomy ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 328 km
United States 1971-06-10 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-06-10 Wallops Island VA (hand cancel) (Swanson gold and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Scout plasma/barium release joint NASA/MPE⁵ Barium Ion Cloud (BIC) mission "to measure magnetic and electric fields in space"
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.6) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover, also insert
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.6) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also insert
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Orbit Covers) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1971-09-21 Wallops Island VA (Centennial) cachet (and "cancel delayed" rubber-stamp) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Australia 1971-12-10 Woomera SA (Red and black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark SL903 solar X-ray mission; Woomera launch; reached 198 km
United States 1972-03-09 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk plasma physics mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 243 km
United States 1972-10-09 Chatanika AK (Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Tomahawk-Sandia rocket mission "to map magnetic field lines"
United States 1972-10-09 Chatanika AK (Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (airmail) cover
Australia 1972-10-19 Woomera SA (Red and orange and brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark SL1022 ionospheric composition and scattering mission; Woomera launch; reached 150 km
United States 1972-10-21 Chatanika AK (Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk plasma/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 270 km
Australia 1972-10-26 Woomera SA (Red and black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark SL1003 solar spectrum and X-ray measurement mission; Woomera launch; reached 195 km
Japan 1973-02-23 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.15) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-42 cesium release³ ionospheric mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 306 km; also measured "number density of electrons, temperature of electrons and magnetic field"
Australia 1973-03-14 Woomera SA (Purple printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark SL1004 imaging spectrograph solar X-ray mission; Woomera launch; reached 225 km
United States 1973-03-16 Chatanika AK (Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Nike-Tomahawk plasma/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 249 km
Australia 1973-03-20 Woomera SA (Purple and orange printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark SL1102 diffraction grating specgtrograph solar UV mission; Woomera launch; reached 225 km
United States 1973-03-21 Chatanika AK (Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Nike-Tomahawk barium release grenades³ magnetic field mapping mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 225 km
United States 1973-03-21 Chatanika AK (Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet (slightly different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1973-03-21 Chatanika AK (Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Astrobee-D airglow/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 78 km
United States 1973-03-21 Chatanika AK (Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1973-03-22 Chatanika AK (Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Black-Brant aeronomy/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 183 km
United States 1973-03-22 Chatanika AK (Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1973-03-30 Chatanika AK (Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk plasma/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 243 km
French Guiana 1973-04-17 Kourou (Lollini) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Véronique-61M solar extreme UV mission; Kourou launch; reached 200 km
French Guiana 1973-04-17 Kourou (Lollini) cachet (slightly different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
French Guiana 1973-04-17 Kourou (CPK and ship Croix du Sud rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
French Guiana 1973-04-17 Kourou (Green printed and ship Croix du Sud rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1973-06-04 WSMR, NM (Szostek/Swanson red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet (the red part is based on Spacecraft Type-C general-purpose cachet) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover, also insert Aerobee-170A solar observation mission (2 June, reached 175 km) and Black Brant solar extreme UV rocket calibration mission (4 June, reached 132 km [but mission failed]); both launches, from WSMR, were part of a joint WSMR-Skylab series of experiments
United States 1973-06-04 WSMR, NM (Szostek/Swanson red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet (slightly different arrangement; the red part is based on Spacecraft Type-C general-purpose cachet) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1973-06-11 WSMR, NM (Szostek red-brown printed/WSMR Cover no.13) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover, also back Aerobee-200A joint WSMR-Skylab solar data calibration mission; "solar activity" including solar "surge[s]", a "rising [solar] prominence" and a solar "flare"¹² is depicted
United States 1973-08-30 WSMR, NM (Szostek/WSMR Cover no.23) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover "Solar flare"¹²; "instrumentation launched to determine [the] accuracy of Skylab's Apollo Telescope Mount⁵ and [space] weather observation system" (alternatively, "weather observation system" may refer to Skylab's Earth Resources Experiments Package (EREP)¹⁶)
United States 1973-09-18 Chatanika AK (Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Ute-Tomahawk Polar Disturbed Ionosphere mission with rocket balloon; Poker Flat 6 AM launch; reached 127 km
United States 1973-09-18 Chatanika AK (Magenta and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Ute-Tomahawk Polar Disturbed Ionosphere mission with rocket balloon; Poker Flat 8 AM launch; reached 129 km
United States 1973-12-10 WSMR, NM (Szostek/WSMR Cover no.25) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Black-Brant-5C CALROC-3 (Calibration Rocket 3) solar extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 269 km; (cameras "photograph areas of solar activity while astronauts in Skylab use their telescope mount [the Apollo Telescope Mount⁵] to photograph the same regions")
United States 1973-12-19 WSMR, NM (Szostek/WSMR Cover no.26) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover "Skylab Solar Work Station" (controlled the ATM⁵)
United States 1974-03-22 Chatanika AK (Purple and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Strypi Acanta-Contiga aurora and "magnetospheric dumping" mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 200 km [but mission failed]
United States 1974-03-22 Chatanika AK (Magenta and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1974-04-12 Chatanika AK (Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Astrobee-D ionospheric mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 129 km; part of the "Icecap Aurora Program"
Australia 1974-04-23 Woomera SA (Brown and tan printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark SL1207 ionospheric physics mission; Woomera launch; reached 178 km
Japan 1974-09-15 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.43) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-46 ionospheric plasmas mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 336 km; "the aim of the experiment was the night observation of solar and terrestrial plasmas"
Japan 1974-09-20 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.45) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-48 ionospheric X-ray/UV mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 340 km; "the experiment aimed at the observation of ultra-high temperature[s] of [radiation in] the ionosphere in the Terrestrial Corona"
Japan 1975-01-17 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.47) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-49 airglow aeronomy mission; measurements of ozone, oxygen and ionospheric plasmas; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 363 km
United States 1975-01-18 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Paiute-Tomahawk ALADDIN¹¹ -'75 sphere aeronomy/plasma mission; Wallops Island launch on 17 June at 6:35 PM; reached 190 km
United States 1975-01-18 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Japan 1975-01-23 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.49) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-50 X-ray astronomy and plasmas mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 350 km
United States 1975-03-17 Chatanika AK (Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk plasma/electric fields/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 270 km
Australia 1975-03-18 Woomera SA (Blue and brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Skylark launched on 14 March for solar X-ray measurements at the time of Helios-A solar perihelion; Woomera launch; reached 270 km; payload was recovered on 18 March
Russia (USSR) 1975-09-07 Baikonur Karaganda Oblast (Purple and red and green printed and red rubber-stamp) cachets on (known fake¹⁰) (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Vertikal-3 solar UV/X-ray mission; Kapustin Yar launch on 2 September; reached 502 km
Japan 1975-09-24 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.62) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-10-11 X-ray astronomy and solar UV mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 196 km
Japan 1976-01-18 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.65) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-10-12 ionospheric IMS (International Magnetic Systems) mission in advance of EXOS-A and EXOS-B launches; Uchinoura launch; reached 350 km ("216 km" in text possibly is in miles rather than kilometers)
United States 1976-01-23 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Astrobee-D plasma physics mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 76 km
United States 1976-01-30 Wallops Island VA (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Super-ARCAS² ion densities plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 70 km
United States 1976-01-30 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1976-02-24 WSMR, NM (Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Aerobee-170 solar X-ray/extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 221 km
Japan 1976-08-21 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.69) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover S-310-3 ionization and electron temperature and number density mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 195 km
Japan 1976-09-16 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.72) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-55 ionospheric temperature and electron density mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 359 km
Australia 1976-11-10 Woomera SA (Red and brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Black-Brant (not "Brandt", as in the cachet text) APD-VB42 "cosmic X-ray" and "plasma winds" mission; Woomera launch; reached 215 km
United States 1976-11-17 WSMR, NM (Boudwin? blue and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Black-Brant-5C solar X-ray mission
United States 1977-01-08 Wallops Island VA (hand cancel) (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Tomahawk plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 138 km
United States 1977-01-08 Wallops Island VA (machine cancel) (Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (airmail) cover
Japan 1977-08-16 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.81) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover L-3H-9 ionospheric radio wave mission in advance of EXOS-A and EXOS-B launches; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 1294 km
Japan 1977-09-15 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.87) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover S-210-12 aeronomy mission; measurements of ozone, aerosols and ionospheric electron density; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 114 km
Japan 1978-01-22 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.90) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-62 electron temperature and solar X-ray mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 369 km
United States 1978-01-31 WSMR, NM (Two-part black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Black-Brant solar corona X-ray mission; WSMR launch; reached 273 km; also Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover (the satellite provided the first observations of what came to be known as a Van Allen radiation belt)
United States 1978-06-11 Wallops Island VA (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Apache (Wallops Island launch; reached 220 km) and MR-12 (Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 170 km) JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions
United States 1978-06-20 Wallops Island VA (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Nike-Apache (Wallops Island launch; reached 184 km) and MR-12 (Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 175 km) JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions; "Nike-Tomahawk" rockets, launched from Wallops Island, were also used in the program; see, for example, 1978-06-25
United States 1978-06-23 Wallops Island VA (Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover MR-12 JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization mission; Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 168 km
United States 1978-06-23 Wallops Island VA (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover MR-12 JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization mission; Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 168 km; "Nike-Apache" rockets, launched from Wallops Island, were also used in the program; see, for example, 1978-06-11 and 1978-06-20
United States 1978-06-25 Wallops Island VA (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover MR-12 (Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 165 km) and Nike-Tomahawk (Wallops Island launch; reached 315 km) JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions; "Nike-Apache" rockets, launched from Wallops Island, were also used in the program; see, for example, 1978-06-11 and 1978-06-20
United States 1978-08-14 WSMR, NM (Swanson blue and black rubber-stamp) cachet (design based on Spacecraft Type-C general-purpose cachet) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Black-Brant HRTS (High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph) solar UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 220 km [but mission failed]
Japan 1978-08-20 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.97) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-64 aurora and IR/UV/X-ray astronomy mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 319 km; [what appears to be a three-axis-stabilized satellite is a Galactic X-ray instrument (on cover2)]
Japan 1978-08-20 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States 1978-09-27 Wallops Island VA (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover last JASPIC⁷ launches: Nike-Apache (from Wallops Island on 27 September; reached 183 km) and MR-12 (from Soviet research ship Professor Vize on 26 June; reached 165 km); JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions
Japan 1979-01-21 Uchinoura (JapanCover no.104) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-66 barium release³ and plasma and electron energy mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 336 km
Canada 1979-02-24 Ear Falls ON (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Seven solar eclipse preparatory missions with rockets of several types (Super Loki, Nike Tomahawk, ARCAS, and Super ARCAS) were launched at Red Lake ON on 24 and 25 February. Altitude reached was generally around 80 km. The eclipse took place on 26 February, when three eclipse/aeronomy rocket missions were launched (two Taurus Orions and one Nike Iroquois). All three reached around 200 km.
Japan 1980-01-18
1980-01-18 Uchinoura (text cancel)
Uchinoura (scenic cancel) (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover S-520-1 mission to measure "ionosphere plasma [and] electron temperature"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 18 Jan 1980; reached 329 km
Japan 1980-09-02 Uchinoura (Space Voyage red and blue and pink) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover One Kappa-10 and three Kappa-9M rockets launched from Uchinoura (Kagoshima); the 17 Jan 1979 Kappa-9M mission was for aeronomy/ionosphere/"electron density" and "electron temperature" and reached 353 km
Japan 1981-01-29
1981-01-29 Uchinoura (scenic cancel)
Uchinoura (text cancel) (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover S-520-1 mission to measure "ionosphere plasma [and] electron temperature"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 18 Jan 1980; reached 329 km
United States 1981-08-10 Wallops Island VA (Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Taurus-Orion plasma mission; Wallops Island launch on 8 August; reached 200 km
United States 1981-09-24 Wallops Island VA (Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover Orion plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 71 km
Japan 1982-02-18 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Kappa-9M-72 ionospheric radio waves mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 13 February 1982; reached 328 km;
Kappa-9M-73 ionospheric/plasma/fields mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 15 January 1982; reached 303 km;
Kappa-9M-74 UV/X-ray astronomy mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 18 February 1982; reached 315 km; [what appears to be a three-axis-stabilized satellite is a Galactic X-ray instrument]
Japan 1987-02-22 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover S-310-16 E-region ionospheric mission with "study of aurora activity and plasma"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 1 February 1986; reached 201 km
S-310-17 Airglow aeronomy mission with "study of aurora phenomena and plasma"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 6 September 1986; reached 202 km
Japan 1991-02-16 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Three S-520 rockets launched from Uchinoura (Kagoshima); the 18 Feb 1993 mission was for ionosphere/active "plasma study"/"electron density" and reached 272 km
Japan 1992-02-02 Uchinoura (Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Three S-520 rockets launched from Uchinoura (Kagoshima); the 18 Feb 1993 mission was for ionosphere/active "plasma study"/"electron density" and reached 272 km
United States 2006-02-08 WSMR, NM (Multi-color printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Terrier-Black-Brant MOSES (Multi-order Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph) solar extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 282 km; (studied "solar flares¹² and explosions from the corona" and "other electromagnetic bursts from the Sun [that] can really disrupt satellites, cell phones, power grids and related technologies"
United States 2007-11-06 WSMR, NM (Multi-color printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Black-Brant-9 solar extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 300 km; studied "the physical properties of the solar corona"; observations provided calibrations for data from the "SOHO, TRACE and Solar-B" satellites
United States 2018-09-07 GSFC, Greenbelt MD (Red Eagle) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover "FOXSI is the first instrument built specially to image high-energy X-rays from the Sun by directly focusing [on] them" (from an observing position "above the shield of Earth's atmosphere")
United States 2019-09-30 WSMR, NM (Multi-color printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover Research rocket mission to observe solar eruptions

Country	Cancel Date	Cancel Location	Type of Item	Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Launch Covers, sub-orbital rocket-related)
United States	1959-07-14	Lompoc CA	(Historical Space Covers) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Asp rocket solar X-ray/solar flares¹² mission (Project Sunflare II); Point Arguello launch; reached 200 km; "fired to gather scientific data on solar flares"¹² and "recorded [solar] radiation to 150 mi. alt."
United States	1959-07-14	Lompoc CA	(Historical Space Covers) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States	1959-07-14	Lompoc CA	(Highway Stamp Club?) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1960-08-23	Wallops Island VA	(Goldcraft) cachet (with rocket design similar to USA cinderella 1959) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-150A cosmic rays mission
United States	1960-09-19	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Zaso printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D8 (Journeyman) cosmic rays mission; Vandenberg launch; reached 1884 km
United States	1960-09-20	Patrick AFB, FL	(C. Swanson purple rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout Jr magnetospheric and radiation probe 1 mission; Cape Canaveral launch (on 21 September); reached 27,600 km, but no data were received due to telemetry failure
United States	1960-09-21	Port Canaveral FL	(Goldcraft Cachets) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1960-10-04	Wallops Island VA	(Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Scout-X1 radiation probe magnetospheric plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 5600 km
United States	1960-10-04	Wallops Island VA	(Highway Stamp Club/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1960-12-08	Wallops Island VA	(Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Cajun Langmuir probe ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 152 km
United States	1960-12-12	Wallops Island VA	(Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Javelin magnetosphere and magnetic fields mission (carried the first rubidium-vapor magnetometer into the ionosphere); Wallops Island launch; reached 1140 km
United States	1960-12-12	Wallops Island VA	(Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1961-01-07	Patrick AFB, FL	(Jim Fitzpatrick magenta and black rubber-stamp and hand-written) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout HETS⁸ A1-1 plasma/radio astronomy mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 1600 km
United States	1961-01-07	Patrick AFB, FL	(DuBeau? magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States	1961-01-07	Patrick AFB, FL	(Swanson magenta and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States	1961-03-03	Patrick AFB, FL	(Swanson black and magenta and cyan rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout HETS⁸ A2-1 plasma mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 2540 km; "to study the potential radiation threat to manned space flight"
United States	1961-03-03	Port Canaveral FL	(Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1961-03-26	Wallops Island VA	(Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-300A ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 386 km
United States	1961-06-26	Wallops Island VA	(Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch on June 24; reached 1018 km
United States	1961-06-26	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1961-06-26	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also back
United States	1961-07-20	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Nike-Apache magnetic fields/magnetospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 193 km
United States	1961-10-10	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) mission to study electrically-charged helium atoms in the upper atmosphere; Wallops Island launch; reached 1544 km
United States	1961-10-14	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 1055 km
United States	1961-10-19	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Scout plasma study mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 6855 km
United States	1961-10-19	Wallops Island VA (hand cancel)	(Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States	1961-11-15	Vandenberg AFB, CA	(Goldcraft) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	experiments included measuring radiation effects on "biological specimens"
United States	1961-11-18	Lompoc CA	(Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	carried "a variety of small organisms including human blood to test radiation on living matter to avoid danger in space for our space men of the future"
United States	1961-12-04	Lompoc CA	(Sarzin?) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout Jr magnetospheric/solar proton mission; Point Arguello launch; reached 44,400 km
United States	1961-12-21	Wallops Island VA	(Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-300A ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 365 km
United States	1962-04-12	Patrick AFB, FL	(C. Swanson blue and black rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout-1 radiation measurement and re-entry test mission (failed when the second stage did not ignite); Cape Canaveral launch; reached 30
United States	1962-04-12	Patrick AFB, FL	(C. Swanson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1962-04-12	Patrick AFB, FL	(AB Covers/Boerger) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1962-04-12	Port Canaveral FL	(SpaceCraft Type-C general-purpose and red typed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Sweden	1962-08-07	Kabdalis	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Cajun air sample aeronomy, magnetic storms and noctilucent clouds mission; Kronogard (Sweden) launch; reached 120 km; "the rocket brought 40 kilos of instruments 120 km up to study the bright night clouds and the magnetic storms"
Norway	1962-08-18	Andenes	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Cajun air sample aeronomy, magnetic storms and noctilucent clouds mission; Kronogard (Sweden) launch (on 7 August); reached 120 km; "Purpose (was) to study the magnetic storms north of the Polar circle"
Norway	1962-08-18	Andenes	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Cajun Ferdinand-1¹⁷ ionospheric mission ("to study what causes the radio blackouts during periods of sunspots and northern lights eruptions"); Andøya Rocket Range launch; reached 100 km
United States	1962-10-16	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Apache Langmuir probe/ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 166 km
Norway	1962-12-11	Andenes	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Cajun-Ferdinand-2¹⁸ polar ionospheric mission; joint NASA-Norway-Denmark project; Andoya, Norway launch; reached 123 km; "Purpose (was) to study the cosmic particles north of the Polar circle"
United States	1963-02-11	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson/DuBeau? blue and red and green rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D8 (Journeyman) electron spectrometer magnetospheric mission; Vandenberg launch; reached 1675 km
United States	1963-04-12	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-150A CSIRO⁴ VLF ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 198 km
United States	1963-07-02	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Javelin (Argo-D4) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 934 km
United States	1963-07-02	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Sweden	1963-08-07	Kabdalis	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	"to study the bright night [noctilucent] clouds and magnetic storms in polar regions"
Norway	1963-09-12	Andenes	(Pre Bon) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	"First successful Nike-Cajun firing, 1963" (but records show that a Nike-Apache rocket was actually fired); mission was to study ionospheric and solar effects on radio blackout; Andoya launch; reached 136 km; carried "apparatus to register what causes radio "black-outs" in Polar regions"
United States	1963-09-30	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Javelin (Argo-D4) Topside Sounder⁹ ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch on 28 September; reached 1037 km
United States	1963-09-30	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1964-01-15	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Apache auroral mission for Rice University; Wallops Island launch (on 14 January); reached 90 km
United States	1964-01-15	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1964-01-29	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-300A thermosphere probe mission; Wallops Island launch (on 28 January); reached 309 km
United States	1964-01-29	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1964-03-13	Cape Canaveral FL	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout USAF OAR¹⁴ / AFCRL⁶ magnetospheric mission; Cape Canaveral launch; unsuccessful despite reaching 600 km because a fourth stage failure prevented the rocket from reaching the planned 37,000 km
Iceland	1964-08-01	Vik	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	(French rocket) Dragon-D10 ionospheric and Van Allen belt mission; launched from Myrdalssandur (Iceland); reached 440 km
United States	1964-10-08	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson and Goldcraft hybrid black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric ion composition mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 1004 km
United States	1964-10-08	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (sub-orbital) rocket launch on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1964-10-19	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 840 km
United States	1964-10-19	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1964-10-19	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1965-01-13	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) "mother-daughter" ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 1006 km
United States	1965-01-13	Wallops Island VA	(Sarzin black printed/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1965-04-09	Cape Canaveral FL	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout USAF OAR¹⁴ / AFWL¹⁵ magnetospheric mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 25,422 km
United States	1965-05-12	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Blue Scout rocket magnetospheric mission; reached 13,586 km; "probing [Van Allen] radiation belt data obtained to protect men in space"
United States	1965-05-12	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Swanson blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1965-05-12	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Celestial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1965-09-23	Wallops Island VA	(Black printed and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 805 km; "NASA space experiment flight leading towards manned flights to the planets"
United States	1965-09-23	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 805 km
United States	1966-02-17	Wallops Island VA	(Sarzin? and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Apache E / B currents (Electricity / Birkeland currents) plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 186 km
United States	1966-03-02	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue/Hudson magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-150A solar extreme UV astronomy mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 228 km
France	1966-03-17	Poste aux Armées	(JG) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Véronique solar radiance measurement mission; Hammaguir launch; altitude reached unknown
United States	1966-08-26	Wallops Island VA	(Sarzin? and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Two Nike-Tomahawk Thermosphere Probe aeronomy missions; Wallops Island launch; reached 287 km and 308 km
United States	1966-08-26	Wallops Island VA	(HJM blue and Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1966-08-26	Wallops Island VA	(Sarzin? and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-150A Extreme UV/Solar mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 212 km
United States	1966-11-30	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk particles and plasma mission (for the University of New Hampshire); Wallops Island launch; reached 359 km
United States	1967-01-24	Kennedy Space Center FL	(Swanson red rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk diurnal thermosphere/ionosphere aeronomy mission; Cape Canaveral launch; reached 325 km
United States	1967-01-24	Cape Canaveral FL (machine cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Six Nike-Tomahawk diurnal thermosphere/ionosphere aeronomy missions; Cape Canaveral launches; reached from 320 to 336 km
United States	1967-01-24	Cape Canaveral FL (hand cancel)	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1967-02-24	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Astrobee-1500 solar radio frequencies mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 2380 km
United States	1967-02-25	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Astrobee-1500 solar radio frequencies mission; Wallops Island launch (on 24 February); reached 2380 km
United States	1967-03-14	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-150A OSO-3 calibration and extreme UV mission for AFCRL⁶; Wallops Island launch; reached 205 km
United States	1967-03-14	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States	1967-03-22	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-150A OSO-3 calibration and solar extreme UV mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 229 km
United States	1967-03-22	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1967-03-30	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Nike-Tomahawk GCA Corp. ion probe ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 237 km
United States	1967-03-31	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) Nike-Tomahawk rocket launch cover	"to test ... electrical fields [and] atomic oxygen"
United States	1967-06-21	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Argo-D4 (Javelin) ISIS-X (Explorer-31) overflight and ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 792 km
Sweden	1967-07-31	Kiruna	(Black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Centaure-2B ionospheric mission; Kiruna launch; reached 130 km
Italy	1967-09-27	Perdasdefogu	(Green and red and orange rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark ionosphere/solar X-rays mission; Salto di Quirra launch; reached 183 km; studied "the D-layer of the ionosphere and the intensity of the ionising radiations from the Sun"
Norway	1968-09-23	Andenes	(Black rubber-stamp and hand-written) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk ionospheric plasma mission; Andoya launch; reached 321 km
Norway	1968-10-01	Andenes	(Black rubber-stamp and hand-written) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk ionospheric plasma mission; Andoya launch; reached 228 km
Australia	1969-04-02	Glenelg SA	(Black and red rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Two Skylark missions for ionospheric and X-ray measurements: SL724 (Skylark-5C, 1 April, reached 192 km); and SL502 (Skylark-6AC, 2 April, reached 273 km); Woomera launches
Australia	1969-04-02	Woomera SA	(Black and purple rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Two Skylark-3 missions for solar UV and X-ray measurements; SL604 (22 April, reached 181 km) and SL606 (17 April, reached 202 km); (cancel date on cover apparently incorrect, should read 22 April); Woomera launches
United States	1970-03-06	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Thirty-two sounding rockets of various types (Aerobee-170, Tomahawk Sandia, ARCAS², Javelin and several with the Nike booster (Iroquois, Tomahawk, Apache, Cajun)) for solar eclipse/cessation studies¹; Wallops Island launches on March 6, 7, and 8; altitudes reached varied from the lowest (around 65 km, ARCAS² and Nike-Cajun) to the highest (829 km, Javelin)
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(Riser/Andromeda Cover no.4) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also insert
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA (hand cancel)	(Riser/Andromeda Cover no.4) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also insert
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA	(NASA? black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson gold and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1970-03-07	Colorado Springs CO	(R.E. Nichol black and blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on cover, also back
United States	1970-03-09	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on cover
United States	1970-03-07	Wallops Island VA	(Riser/Andromeda Space Cover no.5) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Aerobee-150 solar eclipse/cessation studies¹ mission (observed the "solar flash spectrum" of the solar corona in the far UV); 1:36PM launch from Wallops Island; reached 142 km
Australia	1970-07-14	Woomera SA	(Brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark-B5 solar corona study mission; Woomera launch; reached 200 km
Australia	1970-07-17	Woomera SA	(Dark-blue printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark-B5 solar corona study mission; Woomera launch; reached 200 km
United States	1970-09-01	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Javelin aeronomy/exosphere mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 800 km
United States	1970-09-30	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	"To study communication blackouts in space"
United States	1970-10-05	Wallops Island VA	(Riser/Andromeda Cover no.17) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Barium ion cloud release mission "to aid in research of Earth's magnetic and electric fields"
United States	1971-01-29	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Boosted ARCAS² plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 122 km
United States	1971-01-29	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover
United States	1971-01-29	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-01-29	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson gold and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-06-10	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Aerobee-350 airglow and aeronomy ionospheric mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 328 km
United States	1971-06-10	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-06-10	Wallops Island VA (hand cancel)	(Swanson gold and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet (and signature) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Scout plasma/barium release joint NASA/MPE⁵ Barium Ion Cloud (BIC) mission "to measure magnetic and electric fields in space"
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.6) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover, also insert
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Riser/Andromeda/Cygnus Cover no.6) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover, also insert
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Orbit Covers) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Sarzin) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1971-09-21	Wallops Island VA	(Centennial) cachet (and "cancel delayed" rubber-stamp) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Australia	1971-12-10	Woomera SA	(Red and black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark SL903 solar X-ray mission; Woomera launch; reached 198 km
United States	1972-03-09	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk plasma physics mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 243 km
United States	1972-10-09	Chatanika AK	(Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Tomahawk-Sandia rocket mission "to map magnetic field lines"
United States	1972-10-09	Chatanika AK	(Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (airmail) cover
Australia	1972-10-19	Woomera SA	(Red and orange and brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark SL1022 ionospheric composition and scattering mission; Woomera launch; reached 150 km
United States	1972-10-21	Chatanika AK	(Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk plasma/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 270 km
Australia	1972-10-26	Woomera SA	(Red and black printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark SL1003 solar spectrum and X-ray measurement mission; Woomera launch; reached 195 km
Japan	1973-02-23	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.15) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-42 cesium release³ ionospheric mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 306 km; also measured "number density of electrons, temperature of electrons and magnetic field"
Australia	1973-03-14	Woomera SA	(Purple printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark SL1004 imaging spectrograph solar X-ray mission; Woomera launch; reached 225 km
United States	1973-03-16	Chatanika AK	(Red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Nike-Tomahawk plasma/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 249 km
Australia	1973-03-20	Woomera SA	(Purple and orange printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark SL1102 diffraction grating specgtrograph solar UV mission; Woomera launch; reached 225 km
United States	1973-03-21	Chatanika AK	(Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Nike-Tomahawk barium release grenades³ magnetic field mapping mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 225 km
United States	1973-03-21	Chatanika AK	(Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet (slightly different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1973-03-21	Chatanika AK	(Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Astrobee-D airglow/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 78 km
United States	1973-03-21	Chatanika AK	(Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1973-03-22	Chatanika AK	(Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Black-Brant aeronomy/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 183 km
United States	1973-03-22	Chatanika AK	(Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet (different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1973-03-30	Chatanika AK	(Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk plasma/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 243 km
French Guiana	1973-04-17	Kourou	(Lollini) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Véronique-61M solar extreme UV mission; Kourou launch; reached 200 km
French Guiana	1973-04-17	Kourou	(Lollini) cachet (slightly different) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
French Guiana	1973-04-17	Kourou	(CPK and ship Croix du Sud rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
French Guiana	1973-04-17	Kourou	(Green printed and ship Croix du Sud rubber-stamp) cachets on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1973-06-04	WSMR, NM	(Szostek/Swanson red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet (the red part is based on Spacecraft Type-C general-purpose cachet) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover, also insert	Aerobee-170A solar observation mission (2 June, reached 175 km) and Black Brant solar extreme UV rocket calibration mission (4 June, reached 132 km [but mission failed]); both launches, from WSMR, were part of a joint WSMR-Skylab series of experiments
United States	1973-06-04	WSMR, NM	(Szostek/Swanson red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet (slightly different arrangement; the red part is based on Spacecraft Type-C general-purpose cachet) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1973-06-11	WSMR, NM	(Szostek red-brown printed/WSMR Cover no.13) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover, also back	Aerobee-200A joint WSMR-Skylab solar data calibration mission; "solar activity" including solar "surge[s]", a "rising [solar] prominence" and a solar "flare"¹² is depicted
United States	1973-08-30	WSMR, NM	(Szostek/WSMR Cover no.23) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	"Solar flare"¹²; "instrumentation launched to determine [the] accuracy of Skylab's Apollo Telescope Mount⁵ and [space] weather observation system" (alternatively, "weather observation system" may refer to Skylab's Earth Resources Experiments Package (EREP)¹⁶)
United States	1973-09-18	Chatanika AK	(Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Ute-Tomahawk Polar Disturbed Ionosphere mission with rocket balloon; Poker Flat 6 AM launch; reached 127 km
United States	1973-09-18	Chatanika AK	(Magenta and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Ute-Tomahawk Polar Disturbed Ionosphere mission with rocket balloon; Poker Flat 8 AM launch; reached 129 km
United States	1973-12-10	WSMR, NM	(Szostek/WSMR Cover no.25) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Black-Brant-5C CALROC-3 (Calibration Rocket 3) solar extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 269 km; (cameras "photograph areas of solar activity while astronauts in Skylab use their telescope mount [the Apollo Telescope Mount⁵] to photograph the same regions")
United States	1973-12-19	WSMR, NM	(Szostek/WSMR Cover no.26) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	"Skylab Solar Work Station" (controlled the ATM⁵)
United States	1974-03-22	Chatanika AK	(Purple and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Strypi Acanta-Contiga aurora and "magnetospheric dumping" mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 200 km [but mission failed]
United States	1974-03-22	Chatanika AK	(Magenta and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1974-04-12	Chatanika AK	(Red-brown and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Astrobee-D ionospheric mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 129 km; part of the "Icecap Aurora Program"
Australia	1974-04-23	Woomera SA	(Brown and tan printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark SL1207 ionospheric physics mission; Woomera launch; reached 178 km
Japan	1974-09-15	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.43) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-46 ionospheric plasmas mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 336 km; "the aim of the experiment was the night observation of solar and terrestrial plasmas"
Japan	1974-09-20	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.45) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-48 ionospheric X-ray/UV mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 340 km; "the experiment aimed at the observation of ultra-high temperature[s] of [radiation in] the ionosphere in the Terrestrial Corona"
Japan	1975-01-17	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.47) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-49 airglow aeronomy mission; measurements of ozone, oxygen and ionospheric plasmas; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 363 km
United States	1975-01-18	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Paiute-Tomahawk ALADDIN¹¹ -'75 sphere aeronomy/plasma mission; Wallops Island launch on 17 June at 6:35 PM; reached 190 km
United States	1975-01-18	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
Japan	1975-01-23	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.49) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-50 X-ray astronomy and plasmas mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 350 km
United States	1975-03-17	Chatanika AK	(Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk plasma/electric fields/aurora mission; Poker Flat launch; reached 270 km
Australia	1975-03-18	Woomera SA	(Blue and brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Skylark launched on 14 March for solar X-ray measurements at the time of Helios-A solar perihelion; Woomera launch; reached 270 km; payload was recovered on 18 March
Russia (USSR)	1975-09-07	Baikonur Karaganda Oblast	(Purple and red and green printed and red rubber-stamp) cachets on (known fake¹⁰) (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Vertikal-3 solar UV/X-ray mission; Kapustin Yar launch on 2 September; reached 502 km
Japan	1975-09-24	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.62) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-10-11 X-ray astronomy and solar UV mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 196 km
Japan	1976-01-18	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.65) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-10-12 ionospheric IMS (International Magnetic Systems) mission in advance of EXOS-A and EXOS-B launches; Uchinoura launch; reached 350 km ("216 km" in text possibly is in miles rather than kilometers)
United States	1976-01-23	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Astrobee-D plasma physics mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 76 km
United States	1976-01-30	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Super-ARCAS² ion densities plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 70 km
United States	1976-01-30	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1976-02-24	WSMR, NM	(Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Aerobee-170 solar X-ray/extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 221 km
Japan	1976-08-21	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.69) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	S-310-3 ionization and electron temperature and number density mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 195 km
Japan	1976-09-16	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.72) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-55 ionospheric temperature and electron density mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 359 km
Australia	1976-11-10	Woomera SA	(Red and brown printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Black-Brant (not "Brandt", as in the cachet text) APD-VB42 "cosmic X-ray" and "plasma winds" mission; Woomera launch; reached 215 km
United States	1976-11-17	WSMR, NM	(Boudwin? blue and black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Black-Brant-5C solar X-ray mission
United States	1977-01-08	Wallops Island VA (hand cancel)	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Tomahawk plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 138 km
United States	1977-01-08	Wallops Island VA (machine cancel)	(Swanson blue and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (airmail) cover
Japan	1977-08-16	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.81) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	L-3H-9 ionospheric radio wave mission in advance of EXOS-A and EXOS-B launches; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 1294 km
Japan	1977-09-15	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.87) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	S-210-12 aeronomy mission; measurements of ozone, aerosols and ionospheric electron density; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 114 km
Japan	1978-01-22	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.90) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-62 electron temperature and solar X-ray mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 369 km
United States	1978-01-31	WSMR, NM	(Two-part black rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Black-Brant solar corona X-ray mission; WSMR launch; reached 273 km; also Explorer-1 anniversary-of-launch cover (the satellite provided the first observations of what came to be known as a Van Allen radiation belt)
United States	1978-06-11	Wallops Island VA	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Apache (Wallops Island launch; reached 220 km) and MR-12 (Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 170 km) JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions
United States	1978-06-20	Wallops Island VA	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Nike-Apache (Wallops Island launch; reached 184 km) and MR-12 (Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 175 km) JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions; "Nike-Tomahawk" rockets, launched from Wallops Island, were also used in the program; see, for example, 1978-06-25
United States	1978-06-23	Wallops Island VA	(Swanson green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	MR-12 JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization mission; Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 168 km
United States	1978-06-23	Wallops Island VA	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	MR-12 JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization mission; Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 168 km; "Nike-Apache" rockets, launched from Wallops Island, were also used in the program; see, for example, 1978-06-11 and 1978-06-20
United States	1978-06-25	Wallops Island VA	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	MR-12 (Soviet research ship Professor Vize launch; reached 165 km) and Nike-Tomahawk (Wallops Island launch; reached 315 km) JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions; "Nike-Apache" rockets, launched from Wallops Island, were also used in the program; see, for example, 1978-06-11 and 1978-06-20
United States	1978-08-14	WSMR, NM	(Swanson blue and black rubber-stamp) cachet (design based on Spacecraft Type-C general-purpose cachet) on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Black-Brant HRTS (High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph) solar UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 220 km [but mission failed]
Japan	1978-08-20	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.97) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-64 aurora and IR/UV/X-ray astronomy mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 319 km; [what appears to be a three-axis-stabilized satellite is a Galactic X-ray instrument (on cover2)]
Japan	1978-08-20	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover
United States	1978-09-27	Wallops Island VA	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	last JASPIC⁷ launches: Nike-Apache (from Wallops Island on 27 September; reached 183 km) and MR-12 (from Soviet research ship Professor Vize on 26 June; reached 165 km); JASPIC⁷ intercomparison plasma/ionization missions
Japan	1979-01-21	Uchinoura	(JapanCover no.104) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-66 barium release³ and plasma and electron energy mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch; reached 336 km
Canada	1979-02-24	Ear Falls ON	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Seven solar eclipse preparatory missions with rockets of several types (Super Loki, Nike Tomahawk, ARCAS, and Super ARCAS) were launched at Red Lake ON on 24 and 25 February. Altitude reached was generally around 80 km. The eclipse took place on 26 February, when three eclipse/aeronomy rocket missions were launched (two Taurus Orions and one Nike Iroquois). All three reached around 200 km.
Japan	1980-01-18 1980-01-18	Uchinoura (text cancel) Uchinoura (scenic cancel)	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	S-520-1 mission to measure "ionosphere plasma [and] electron temperature"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 18 Jan 1980; reached 329 km
Japan	1980-09-02	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage red and blue and pink) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	One Kappa-10 and three Kappa-9M rockets launched from Uchinoura (Kagoshima); the 17 Jan 1979 Kappa-9M mission was for aeronomy/ionosphere/"electron density" and "electron temperature" and reached 353 km
Japan	1981-01-29 1981-01-29	Uchinoura (scenic cancel) Uchinoura (text cancel)	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	S-520-1 mission to measure "ionosphere plasma [and] electron temperature"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 18 Jan 1980; reached 329 km
United States	1981-08-10	Wallops Island VA	(Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Taurus-Orion plasma mission; Wallops Island launch on 8 August; reached 200 km
United States	1981-09-24	Wallops Island VA	(Black rubber-stamp and black typed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch (airmail) cover	Orion plasma mission; Wallops Island launch; reached 71 km
Japan	1982-02-18	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Kappa-9M-72 ionospheric radio waves mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 13 February 1982; reached 328 km; Kappa-9M-73 ionospheric/plasma/fields mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 15 January 1982; reached 303 km; Kappa-9M-74 UV/X-ray astronomy mission; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 18 February 1982; reached 315 km; [what appears to be a three-axis-stabilized satellite is a Galactic X-ray instrument]
Japan	1987-02-22	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	S-310-16 E-region ionospheric mission with "study of aurora activity and plasma"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 1 February 1986; reached 201 km S-310-17 Airglow aeronomy mission with "study of aurora phenomena and plasma"; Uchinoura (Kagoshima) launch on 6 September 1986; reached 202 km
Japan	1991-02-16	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Three S-520 rockets launched from Uchinoura (Kagoshima); the 18 Feb 1993 mission was for ionosphere/active "plasma study"/"electron density" and reached 272 km
Japan	1992-02-02	Uchinoura	(Space Voyage) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Three S-520 rockets launched from Uchinoura (Kagoshima); the 18 Feb 1993 mission was for ionosphere/active "plasma study"/"electron density" and reached 272 km
United States	2006-02-08	WSMR, NM	(Multi-color printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Terrier-Black-Brant MOSES (Multi-order Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph) solar extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 282 km; (studied "solar flares¹² and explosions from the corona" and "other electromagnetic bursts from the Sun [that] can really disrupt satellites, cell phones, power grids and related technologies"
United States	2007-11-06	WSMR, NM	(Multi-color printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Black-Brant-9 solar extreme UV mission; WSMR launch; reached 300 km; studied "the physical properties of the solar corona"; observations provided calibrations for data from the "SOHO, TRACE and Solar-B" satellites
United States	2018-09-07	GSFC, Greenbelt MD	(Red Eagle) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	"FOXSI is the first instrument built specially to image high-energy X-rays from the Sun by directly focusing [on] them" (from an observing position "above the shield of Earth's atmosphere")
United States	2019-09-30	WSMR, NM	(Multi-color printed) cachet on (sub-orbital) rocket launch cover	Research rocket mission to observe solar eruptions

¹When a solar eclipse occurs, there is a sudden cut-off, or cessation, of solar radiation, followed by a sudden resumption of that radiation. Solar eclipses therefore present the opportunity to investigate the effects of fast-varying solar flux on the structure, photochemistry and electrodynamics of various parts of the upper atmosphere. This includes examination of anomalies in ionization, temperature and winds. Characteristics of the solar corona can also be observed (often in the far ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum). Rockets have been used to carry instruments which can make such measurements into the upper atmosphere.
²The ARCAS (All-purpose Rocket for Collecting Atmospheric Soundings) was developed by the Atlantic Research Corporation for the Office of Naval Research with support from the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. It was launched with a launching tube. It was first used in July 1959, and has undergone various modifications and improvements since then.
³In these experiments, grenades of barium or other chemicals were carried aloft to explode in the upper atmosphere; the resulting clouds could be observed and tracked to estimate upper atmospheric winds, turbulence and cloud radiance properties. Also, by using the times of arrival of the sound waves created by the explosions at an array of ground stations, calculations estimating the upper winds could be made.
⁴CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia's national science agency)
⁵MPE: Max Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
⁶AFCRL: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (Cambridge MA)
⁷JASPIC: Joint American Soviet Particle InterCalibration
⁸HETS: Hyper Environmental Test System (USAF missions to investigate radiation in the magnetosphere)
⁹A Topside Sounder is a satellite designed to determine ion concentration within the ionosphere as measured from above the ionosphere.
¹⁰Known fake cover, with a made-up Baikonur postmark, suspected to have been created by Boris Khoroshev from Moscow, and sold by a stamp dealer in Western Europe. There were no Baikonur Cosmodrome official postmarks until 1975 for the Apollo-Soyuz events. Reference the article written by Russian collector Oleg Vaisberg published as an Appendix called "Russian (Soviet) Space Covers" to Bruce Cranford's book Space Covers: Dictionary and Identifier. See also, an analysis of the situation in a book published in 2008 called Commemorative Space Covers from Collector Clubs of the Soviet Union, 1957 to 1980. Another indicator on these fakes is the use of a "first day" cachet that appears on most, but not all, of these fakes.
¹¹ALADDIN: Atmospheric Layering and Density Distribution of Ions and Neutrals
¹²A solar flare is a sudden massive eruption of energy from the Sun, mostly in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which reaches Earth in around 8 minutes and can affect wireless communications through its interactions with the ionosphere. Solar flares are often accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs)¹³, which dramatically strengthen the solar wind, which can result in other significant space weather effects on and near Earth if they strike the Earth.
¹³A CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) is a massive eruption of matter from the solar corona that moves away from the Sun in a huge "cloud" of energetic solar particles. CMEs can cause significant space weather effects.
¹⁴OAR: Office of Aeronautical Research
¹⁵AFWL: Air Force Weapons Laboratory
¹⁶The Earth Resources Experiments Package (EREP) on Skylab took a comprehensive and systematic image survey of the Earth from space, taking some 36,000 photos in 1973 and 1974. Imaging was done by several cameras, the main one with six spectral bands. Skylab-2 made 13 EREP passes (i.e. 13 observational periods); Skylab-3 made 48, and Skylab-4 made 49.
¹⁷This was the first rocket launch from the then-new Andøya Rocket Range (at 69° N on the Norwegian island of Andøya). The rocket was named "Ferdinand" after the story of the peaceful bull who would rather smell the flowers than fight, for two reasons: the area of the rocket range was known as the Oksebåsen ("Ox Pasture"), and also to signal the peaceful intentions of the rocket research to the nearby Soviets at the height of the Cold War.
¹⁸The rocket was named "Ferdinand" after the story of the peaceful bull who would rather smell the flowers than fight, for two reasons: the area of the rocket range was known as the Oksebåsen ("Ox Pasture"), and also to signal the peaceful intentions of the rocket research to the nearby Soviets at the height of the Cold War.

Country Cancel Date Cancel Location Type of Item Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Launch Covers, balloon-related)
United States 1967-08-29 Palestine TX (Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover "Flight to measure gamma radiation"
United States 1971-05-25 Palestine TX (Riser cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover Mission to measure neutrons produced during solar flares¹
Australia 1973-03-02 Mildura VIC (Black and cyan printed and red rubber-stamp) cachet on isentropic balloon recovery cover recovery of Boomerang-1³ isentropic balloon launched 24 January 1973
Australia 1973-03-02 Mildura VIC (Blue and green printed) cachet (slightly different) on isentropic balloon recovery cover
United States 1975-05-17 Palestine TX (Riser blue and black rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover Mission with "spectrograph for solar observations"
United States 1973-05-29 Palestine TX (Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover "measure cosmic particles"
United States 1976-05-20 Palestine TX (Riser green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover cosmic rays study
United States 1976-09-24 Palestine TX (Riser green and red rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover "spectroradiometer to measure Sun spectral distribution"
United States 1976-10-13 Palestine TX (Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover "Investigation of solar corona in the near infrared"

Country	Cancel Date	Cancel Location	Type of Item	Notes on Content
Space Weather (on Launch Covers, balloon-related)
United States	1967-08-29	Palestine TX	(Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	"Flight to measure gamma radiation"
United States	1971-05-25	Palestine TX	(Riser cyan and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	Mission to measure neutrons produced during solar flares¹
Australia	1973-03-02	Mildura VIC	(Black and cyan printed and red rubber-stamp) cachet on isentropic balloon recovery cover	recovery of Boomerang-1³ isentropic balloon launched 24 January 1973
Australia	1973-03-02	Mildura VIC	(Blue and green printed) cachet (slightly different) on isentropic balloon recovery cover
United States	1975-05-17	Palestine TX	(Riser blue and black rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	Mission with "spectrograph for solar observations"
United States	1973-05-29	Palestine TX	(Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	"measure cosmic particles"
United States	1976-05-20	Palestine TX	(Riser green and magenta rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	cosmic rays study
United States	1976-09-24	Palestine TX	(Riser green and red rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	"spectroradiometer to measure Sun spectral distribution"
United States	1976-10-13	Palestine TX	(Red and black rubber-stamp) cachet on stratospheric balloon launch cover	"Investigation of solar corona in the near infrared"

¹A solar flare is a sudden massive eruption of energy from the Sun, mostly in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which reaches Earth in around 8 minutes and can affect wireless communications through its interactions with the ionosphere. Solar flares are often accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs)², which dramatically strengthen the solar wind, which can result in other significant space weather effects on and near Earth if they strike the Earth.
²A CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) is a massive eruption of matter from the solar corona that moves away from the Sun in a huge "cloud" of energetic solar particles. CMEs can cause significant space weather effects.
³Boomerang-1 was an isentropic research balloon that circled the world twice in 36 days at an altitude of 24.4 km (80,000 feet). It was launched from and recovered in Australia. It carried a 41 kg payload of cosmic ray detectors, biological specimens (to study the effects of cosmic rays on corn seedlings and other plants) and micrometeorite detectors. The project was conducted by NCAR (the National Center for Atmospheric Research) of Boulder CO, USA. A second Boomerang mission was also undertaken at about the same time.
⁴ATLAS: ATmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science
⁵The Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) was a solar observatory aboard the Skylab space station that was a product of the late 1960s Apollo Applications Program (hence "Apollo" in the name). It was manually operated by the Skylab astronauts. There were 8 major solar-observing instruments on the mount which together could observe the Sun in wavelengths from 2 to 7000 Å (angstroms), corresponding to soft X-ray, ultraviolet, and visible light wavelengths. Those instruments were two X-ray telescopes, two hydrogen alpha telescopes, an extreme UV spectroheliograph, a UV spectroheliometer, a UV spectrograph and a visible light coronagraph.

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