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Lightning Meteorology 2

Anomalous Storms and Advanced Theory

Bard Zajac, John Weaver and Dan Lindsey

with contributions from: Dan Bikos, Dolores Kiessling, Tim Alberta, Liz Page, Larry Carey, Brian Peters, Dick Orville

Introduction

Lightning Meteorology 2 examines electrification and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity in atypical thunderstorms. Atypical storms include winter storms and many severe storms. The broad objective of this teletraining course is to utilize CG lightning data in nowcasting / forecasting these storms.

Specific course objectives are:

• to review and be familiar with Lightning Meteorology I, the introductory course that examines typical warm season isolated storms and mesoscale convective systems.
• to define the two main CG lightning parameters: CG flash rate and the percentage of +CGs (or percent +CGs)
• to understand how CG flash rate and percent +CGs are affected by various configurations of electrical charge
• to define the terms, negative strike dominated (NSD) and positive strike dominated (PSD)
• to identify differences between warm season and cold seaon lightning and the seasonal factors that are responsible
• to know where severe NSD storms and severe PSD storms tend to occur in the contiguous United States
• to see why severe NSD storms often exhibit usually high and variable CG flash rates
• to be familiar with severe PSD storms and the hypotheses used to explain these anomalous storms

Prerequisites

This is an advanced course course.

Lightning Meterorology 1 is a prerequisite because Lightning Meterorology 2 assumes a good understanding of the concepts taught in Lightning Meterorology 1. Several concepts from Lightning Meterorology 1 are examined in greater detail with little to no review.

Training Session Options

LMS students - to begin the training, use the web-based video or audio playback options below (if present for this session).

1. Web-based video that can be taken at anytime (streamed, not recommended for low-bandwidth users). Be sure to have your speakers on and the volume loud enough to hear the presentation. For students who initiated this course in the NWS Learning Center (LMS), certificates of completion can be obtained from the learning center's "My Transcript" page upon completion of the associated quiz.

2. Audio playback (recommended for low-bandwidth users) - This is an audio playback version in the form of a downloadable VISITview and can be taken at anytime. Certificates of completion for NOAA employees can be obtained on the E-Learning Management System LMS

   Create a directory to download the audio playback file (38 MB) from the following link: http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/training/visit/training_sessions/lightning_meteorology_2/lightning_meteorology_2_audio.exe

   After extracting the files into that directory click on either the visitplay.bat or visitauto.bat file to start the lesson. If both files are present, use visitauto.bat

References/Additional Links

• Talking points are available for this lesson and may be printed out to easily review the session in detail at any time.
• Avila, E. E., R. G. Pereyra, G. G. Aguirre Varela, and G. M. Caranti, 1999: The effect of the cloud-droplet spectrum on electrical-charge transfer during individual ice-ice collisions. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1669-1679.
• Byers, H. R., and R. R. Braham, Jr., 1949: The thunderstorm. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 287 pp.
• Carey, L. D., S. A. Rutledge, and W. A. Petersen, 2002: The relationship between severe storm reports and cloud-to-ground lightning polarity in the contiguous United States from 1989-98. Mon. Wea. Rev., submitted.
• Dye, J. E., J. J. Jones, W. P. Winn, T. A. Cerni, B. Gardiner, D. Lamb, R. L. Ritter, J. Hallett, and C. P. F. Saunders, 1986: Early electrification and precipitation development in a small isolated Montata cumumlonimbus. J. Geophysical Research, 91, 1231-1247.
• Foote, G. B., and H. W. Frank, 1983: Case study of a hailstorm in Colorado. Part III: Airflow from triple Doppler measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 686-707.
• Houze, R. A., Jr., S. A. Rutledge, M. I. Biggerstaff, and B. F. Smull, 1989: Interpretation of Doppler-weather radar displays of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 608-619.
• Kane, R. J., 1991: Correlating lightning to severe local storms in the northeastern United States. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 3-12.
• Lopez, R. E., W. D. Otto, R. Ortiz, and R. L. Holle, 1990: The lightning activity of convective cloud systems in northeastern Colorado. Preprints, 18th Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology, Orlando, FL, AMS, 727-731.
• MacGorman, D. R., D. W. Burgess, V. Mazur, W. D. Rust, W. L. Taylor, and B. C. Johnson, 1989: Lightning rates relative to tornadic storm evolution on 22 May 1981. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 221-250.
• MacGorman, D. R., and D. W. Burgess, 1994: Positive cloud-to-ground lightning in tornadic storms and hailstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1671-1697.
• McDonald, J. E., 1958: The physics of cloud modification. Advanced in Geophysics, Academic Press, 5, 233-303.
• Perez, A. H., L. J. Wicker, and R. E. Orville, 1997: Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning associated with violent tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 428-437.
• Petersen, W. A., L. D. Carey, S. A. Rutledge, J. C. Knievel, N. J. Doesken, R. H. Johnson, T. B. McKee, T. Vonder Haar, and J. F. Weaver, 1999: Mesoscale and radar observations of the Fort Collins Flash Flood of 28 July 1997, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 191-216.
• Rodgers, R. R., and M. K. Yau, 1989: A short course in cloud physics. Pergamon, 293 pp.
• Rutledge, S. A., and D. R. MacGorman, 1998: Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the 10-11 June 1985 mesoscale convective system observed during the Oklahoma-Kansas PRE-STORM Project. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1396-1408.
• Saunders, C. P. R., 1993: A review of thunderstorm electrification processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 642-655.
• Smith, S. B., J. G. LaDue, and D. R. MacGorman, 2000: The relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning polarity and surface equivalent potential temperature during three tornadic outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3320-3328.
• Takahashi, T., 1978: Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548.
• Wallace, J. M., and P. V. Hobbs, 1977: Atmospheric science: An introductory survey. Academic Press, 467 pp.
• Williams, E. R., 2001: The electrification of severe storms. Severe Convective Storms, AMS Meteor. Monogr. Series, 27, 570 pp.
• Zajac, B. A., and S. A. Rutledge, 2001 Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the contiguous United States from 1995 to 1999. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 999-1019.
• Zajac, B. A., and J. F. Weaver, 2002: An introductory course on forecasting with lightning data. Preprints, Symposium on the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS), Orlando, FL, AMS.

Content Developed

• Developed: 2002
• Updated: 2004

Information Contact

• Dan Lindsey (970) 491-8366
• John Weaver (970) 491-8342
• Dan Bikos (970) 491-3777