Greenland Eddies and Swirls

Posted on October 22, 2012 by Curtis_Seaman

Last time we visited Greenland, it was because VIIRS saw evidence of the rapid ice melt event in July 2012. We return to Greenland because of this visible image VIIRS captured on 18 October 2012:

VIIRS channel I-01 image taken 12:43 UTC 18 October 2012

This image was taken by the high-resolution visible channel, I-01 (0.64 µm), and was cropped down to reduce the file size. Greenland is in the upper-left corner of the image. The northwest corner of Iceland is visible in the lower-left corner of the image.

So, what’s with all the swirls off the coast of Greenland? Are they clouds swirled around by winds? Or some kind of sea serpent – perhaps a leviathan or a kraken? (Based on the descriptions, they would be big enough for VIIRS to see them.)

Sadly, for all you science fiction and fantasy fanatics, those swirls are just icebergs breaking up as they enter warmer water, the chunks of ice caught up in eddies in the East Greenland Current. This is easier to see when you look at the “true color” image below:

VIIRS "true color" RGB composite of channels M-3, M-4 and M-5, taken 12:43 UTC 18 October 2012

Make sure to click on the image, then on the “3200×1536″ link below the banner to see the image at full resolution. Since the true color RGB composite is made from moderate resolution channels M-03 (0.488 µm, blue), M-04 (0.555 µm, green) and M-05 (0.672 µm, red), we can include more of the swath before we get into file size issues. That allows us to see the extent of the ice break-up along the Greenland coast.

There is a lot to notice in the true color image. The large icebergs at the top of the image breakup into smaller and smaller icebergs as they float down the east coast of Greenland, until they finally melt. These visible “swirls” (or “eddies” in oceanography terms) extend from 75 °N latitude down to 68 °N latitude where the ice disappears (melts).

The upper-right corner with missing data is on the night side of the “terminator” (the line separating night from day), where we lose the amount of visible radiation needed for these channels to detect stuff. (The Day/Night Band would still collect data, however, as it is much more sensitive to the low levels of visible radiation observed at night.) See how the ice and the high clouds appear to get a bit more pink as you move from west (left) to east (right)? It’s the same reason cirrus clouds often look pink at sunset. The sun is setting on the North Atlantic and more of the blue radiation from the sun is scattered by the atmosphere than red radiation. The red radiation that’s left is then reflected off the clouds (and ice and snow) toward the satellite.

Just to prove that the swirls are indeed ice and not clouds, here’s the “pseudo-true color” (a.k.a. “natural color”) RGB composite made from channels M-05 (0.672 µm, blue), M-07 (0.865 µm, green) and M-10 (1.61 µm, red):

VIIRS natural color image of channels M-05, M-07 and M-10, taken 12:43 UTC 18 October 2012

The deep blue color of the swirls in this RGB composite is indicative of ice, not clouds. These channels are not impacted by atmospheric scattering at any sun angle, though, so there is no change in the color of the clouds as you approach the terminator.

You may have also noticed the cloud streets downwind of the icebergs off the coast of Greenland. These clouds are formed in the same way as lake-effect clouds are in the Great Lakes. Cold, arctic air flowing south over the icebergs meets the relatively warm water of the open ocean. The moisture evaporating from the warmer waters condenses in the cold air and forms clouds.

How much warmer is that water? Here’s the high-resolution infrared (IR) image (I-05, 11.45 µm):

VIIRS channel I-05 image, taken 12:43 UTC 18 October 2012

At ~375 m resolution at nadir, this is the highest resolution available in the IR on a non-classified satellite today. Look at all the structure in the cloud-free areas of the ocean! Lots of little eddies show up in the IR that are invisible in the visible and near-IR channels shown previously. The only eddies visible in the true color and natural color images are the ones that had ice floating in them. Here we see they extend much further south than the ice.

The ice-free water that is not obscured by clouds is 10-15 K warmer than where the icebergs are found. The eddies are caused by the clash between the southward flowing, cold Eastern Greenland Current and the northbound, warm North Atlantic Drift (the tail end of the Gulf Stream), which are important in the global transport of energy. They are not ship-sinking whirlpools caused by any krakens in the area – at least VIIRS didn’t observe any.

UPDATE (February 2013): Below is another image of the eddies and swirls off the eastern coast of Greenland. This “natural color” image was taken 13:34 UTC 15 February 2013:

VIIRS false color RGB composite of channels M-05, M-07 and M-10, taken 13:34 UTC 15 February 2013. Image courtesy Don Hillger.

Since it is winter, the ice extends further south along the coast before it melts. Once again, there is a lot of structure visible in the edge of the ice, where the East Greenland Current and North Atlantic Drift interact. Another thing to notice is the shadows. At the top of the image just right of center is Scoresby Sound, which is completely frozen over. Given that the sun is pretty low in the sky over Greenland in the winter (if it rises at all, since most of Greenland is north of the Arctic Circle), the mountains south of the Sound cast some pretty long shadows on the ice. It’s possible to use the length of the shadows with the solar zenith angle to estimate the height of those mountains (although there are more accurate ways to determine a mountain’s elevation from satellite). VIIRS provides impressive detail, even from the moderate resolution bands.

Daniel, Emilia and Fabio, oh my!

Posted on July 18, 2012 by Curtis_Seaman

It’s been a while since we last looked at some tropical cyclones with VIIRS. If you don’t keep up to date on tropical activity, you might not know there that have been a few. Granted, since Debby dumped a bunch of rain on Florida three weeks ago, the Atlantic basin has been pretty quiet. The East Pacific basin, however, has had one storm after another. The national media has largely ignored them since they have posed no threat to any landmasses. See this article from the L.A. times. Boring! Unless you can capture video of Jim Cantore struggling to stand upright, it isn’t a hurricane, right?

Wrong! First of all, eastern Pacific hurricanes affect some major shipping lanes. Second, and this is true of all hurricanes: they transport energy and moisture and help moderate the temperature imbalance between the tropics and mid-latitudes. They are important components of global energy transport.

In this post, we are going to compare the view of hurricanes provided by VIIRS against the view provided by GOES (specifically GOES-15). On 9 July 2012, there were two storms in the East Pacific: Daniel and Emilia.

Here is the GOES-15 view of Daniel followed by the VIIRS view of Daniel in their respective visible channels:

GOES-15 visible image (channel 1) of Hurricane Daniel, taken 22:45 UTC 9 July 2012. Image courtesy John Knaff.

VIIRS visible image (channel I-01) of Hurricane Daniel, taken 22:29 UTC 9 July 2012

Both images have the same latitude and longitude lines printed on them for reference and they both use the same color scales. If you zoom in, you’ll notice that the VIIRS image, with ~375 m resolution at nadir shows a bit more detail than the 1 km (1000 m) resolution GOES image. The additional detail provided by VIIRS really stands out in the infrared (IR) window channels, where GOES has 4 km resolution and VIIRS still has ~375 m resolution:

GOES-15 IR image (channel 4) of Hurricane Daniel, taken 22:30 UTC 9 July 2012

VIIRS IR image (channel I-05) of Hurricane Daniel, taken 22:29 UTC 9 July 2012

Now, it is worth noting that the high resolution IR image of VIIRS shown above comes from channel I-05, which is centered at 11.45 µm. The GOES image was produced from Imager channel 4, which is centered at 10.7 µm, so the two channels don’t exactly have the same spectral properties. VIIRS has a 10.7 µm IR channel as one of its moderate resolution bands (M-15). Here’s what that image looks like:

VIIRS IR image (channel M-15) of Hurricane Daniel, taken 22:29 UTC 9 July 2012

There isn’t a big difference between the two VIIRS channels, although you can see a bit more detail in the higher resolution (I-05) image.

On the previous orbit, VIIRS caught images of Hurricane Emilia, which was also in the view of GOES-15. Here’s how the images compare:

GOES-15 visible image (channel 1) of Hurricane Emilia, taken 21:00 UTC 9 July 2012. Image courtesy John Knaff.

VIIRS visible image (channel I-01) of Hurricane Emilia, taken 20:48 UTC 9 July 2012

GOES-15 IR image (channel 4) of Hurricane Emilia, taken 20:48 UTC 9 July 2012

VIIRS IR image (channel I-05) of Hurricane Emilia, taken 20:48 UTC 9 July 2012

In addition to the resolution differences, there is also a time difference of ~15 minutes between the VIIRS images and the GOES images. If you were to overlap these images, you would see that Emilia rotated a bit during that time. Emilia was not willing to hold the same pose for that long when having her picture taken. Once again, the M-15 image from VIIRS looks pretty similar to the I-05 image, so there’s no pressing need to show it.

Finally, let’s compare GOES-15 with VIIRS on Hurricane Fabio, which formed about a week after Daniel and Emilia were hurricanes.

GOES visible image (channel 1) of Hurricane Fabio, taken 20:30 UTC 15 July 2012

GOES-15 visible image (channel 1) of Hurricane Fabio, taken 20:30 UTC 15 July 2012. Image courtesy John Knaff.

VIIRS visible image (channel I-01) of Hurricane Fabio, taken 20:36 UTC 15 July 2012

GOES-15 IR image (channel 4) of Hurricane Fabio, taken 20:30 UTC 15 July 2012

VIIRS IR image (channel I-05) of Hurricane Fabio, taken 20:36 UTC 15 July 2012

The GOES and VIIRS images of Fabio were taken only 6 minutes apart, so there is less movement to impede the comparison.

In all three hurricanes, you can see a lot more structure to the VIIRS images in the both the visible and IR channels. It’s as if GOES represents a standard definition TV camera, and VIIRS represents a hi-def TV camera. All those wrinkles GOES is smoothing over are showing up in VIIRS. Daniel, Emilia and Fabio are going to need more makeup. (Or, they would if they weren’t already dead.)

A Wild Week of Wildfires

Posted on June 14, 2012 by Curtis_Seaman

The last few weeks have been filled with lightning-ignited wildfires across the United States. The County Line Fire, along the Florida-Georgia border was caused by lightning on 5 April 2012 and burned ~35,000 acres. The Whitewater-Baldy Complex (began 16 May 2012) – the largest wildfire in New Mexico history – started as two different fires (both caused by lightning) that merged together. It’s over 280,000 acres (that’s not a typo) and continues to burn (as of 13 June 2012). The Duck Lake Fire (began 24 May 2012) burned 21,000 acres of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula and was caused by lightning. The Little Bear Fire (began 4 June 2012), also in New Mexico, was caused by lightning and has burned ~37,000 acres. Much closer to home, the High Park Fire (began 9 June 2012) is already the largest wildfire in Larimer County history and the third largest fire in Colorado history. It has burned ~46,000 acres and I bet you can guess what caused it.

It’s not clear who is to blame here – there is a long list of suspects – but I bet it was Thor. Even though the U.S. is generally the domain of the Thunderbird, Thor has a mountain-crushing hammer called Mjöllnir, which makes him as good a suspect as any. He may have been in cahoots with Indra or Marduk who are the bringers of rain, and have been holding back on us. Look at how dry it has been across the majority of the country.

With all of these fires, it’s hard to know where to begin. We’re going to ignore the County Line Fire as it was put out over a month ago. We’re also going to ignore the Whitewater-Baldy Complex, as it is so big, it can be seen by GOES. (Kidding! We kid because we love.) Plus, it’s been done before. The VIIRS view of the High Park Fire has also been looked at by CIMSS, with an interesting comparison between VIIRS and MODIS.

What we are going to do is show off interesting features of some of these fires that haven’t been shown or discussed before (as far as we know). We begin with “saturation”. Both the High Park Fire and Little Bear Fire saturated the VIIRS 3.7 µm channels (I-04 and M-12):

Channel I-04 image of the Little Bear Fire from VIIRS taken 20:16 UTC 9 June 2012

Channel I-04 (3.7 µm) image of the Little Bear Fire from VIIRS taken 20:16 UTC 9 June 2012

Channel M-12 image of the Little Bear Fire from VIIRS taken 20:16 UTC 9 June 2012

Channel M-12 (3.7 µm) image of the Little Bear Fire from VIIRS taken 20:16 UTC 9 June 2012

Channel I-04 image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

Channel I-04 (3.7 µm) image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

Channel M-12 image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

Channel M-12 (3.7 µm) image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

The top two images are of the Little Bear Fire, which formed near the border of Lincoln and Otero counties in New Mexico. The bottom two images are of the High Park Fire in Larimer County, Colorado. For each fire, the high resolution 3.7 µm channel (I-04) is compared with the moderate resolution 3.7 µm channel (M-12). The colors range from white (cold) to black (hot). But, wait a minute! If white is cold, why are there white pixels mixed in with the black ones that indicate the hot spots? That’s because these channels are saturating and experiencing “fold-over”. The peak brightness temperatures these channels can measure is ~ 367 – 368 K. Anything warmer than that won’t be detected, so the channel is said to be saturated. When it really gets above that limit you can have “fold-over”, where not only are you not observing the higher, correct temperature, the detectors actually report a lower temperature or radiance. In these fires, the fold-over is resulting in brightness temperatures down to 203 K for M-12 and 208 K for I-04, which is about 90-100 K colder than even the area surrounding the fires!

Luckily, VIIRS has a 4.0 µm channel (M-13) that was designed to not saturate at the temperature of typical wildfires. Compare the hottest pixels in the M-13 images below with the fold-over pixels from M-12 and I-04 above:

Channel M-13 image of the Little Bear Fire from VIIRS taken 20:16 UTC 9 June 2012

Channel M-13 (4.0 µm) image of the Little Bear Fire from VIIRS taken 20:16 UTC 9 June 2012

Channel M-13 image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

Channel M-13 (4.0 µm) image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

The hottest pixel in M-13 reached a temperature of 588 K for the Little Bear Fire and 570 K for the High Park Fire – over 200 K warmer than the saturation points of M-12 and I-04!

These fires were so hot, they appeared in channels that don’t usually show a fire signal. Limiting our attention to the High Park Fire (which was almost literally in our back yard), here’s the I-05 (11.5 µm) image from 10 June 2012:

Channel I-05 image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

Channel I-05 (11.5 µm) image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

The highest temperature observed in I-05 was 380 K. Longer wavelength channels, such as in I-05 are less sensitive to sub-pixel hot spots than channels in the 3.7 – 4.0 µm range, so fires don’t often show up. For pixels to have a 380 K brightness temperature in I-05, it means that the average temperature over the entire pixel had to be above +100 °C – hot enough to boil water!

Fires don’t often show up at shorter wavelengths, either, because the amount of solar radiation usually dwarfs any signal from the Earth’s surface. But, the High Park Fire did reach saturation at 2.25 µm (M-11):

Channel M-11 image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

Channel M-11 (2.25 µm) image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 19:59 UTC 10 June 2012

The color scale has been reversed so that it is more inline with visible imagery. The white pixels represent saturation in M-11 at a radiance of 38 W m^-2 µm^-1 sr^-1. The reflectance of these pixels saturated at a value of 1.6, which means that the amount of radiation detected in this channel was more than 1.6 times the amount you would expect to see if the surface was a perfect mirror reflecting all the solar radiation back to the satellite. Thus, the fire’s contribution to the total radiance was significant in this channel.

The contribution from the surface (i.e., the fire) was also visible in the 1.6 µm channel (M-10), but it isn’t exciting enough to show. One channel shorter down on VIIRS (M-9, 1.38 µm) and the signal disappears against the high reflectivity of the smoke plume.

It’s impossible to leave out the Day/Night Band, which shows just how large and how close the High Park Fire got to Fort Collins:

Day/Night Band image of the High Park Fire from VIIRS taken 09:58 UTC 11 June 2012. Image courtesy Dan Lindsey.

The smoke plume, while not exactly visible, is affecting the view of the east side of the fire and Fort Collins, making them appear more blurry than they would if the sky were completely clear. You can also see that, overnight on 11 June 2012, the fire covered an area larger than any of the cities visible in the image (except for Denver, which is mostly cropped off the bottom of the image).

Hopefully, Marduk will start doing his job and bring us some rain and these will be the last fires for a while.

Catatumbo Lightning in the Day/Night Band

Posted on May 29, 2012 by Curtis_Seaman

You may have noticed that many of the recent posts have featured imagery from the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). That’s because the nighttime imagery produced by the DNB is so awesome! The DNB has seen clouds at night, auroras, forest fires, oil and gas flares, and even volcanic eruptions. Many of the previous images shown have included high resolution views of city (and even small town) lights. This post shows another interesting facet of DNB imagery: lightning. More specifically, Catatumbo lightning.

For those of you who don’t know (and didn’t click on that last link), Catatumbo lightning is one of the world’s most frequent lightning displays, with thunderstorms forming over the Catatumbo River in Venezuela an average of 160 nights per year. The lightning displays last up to 9 hours, beginning shortly after dusk. The lightning is nearly continuous and so vivid and reliable that it has been called the “Lighthouse of Maracaibo” or the “Catatumbo Lighthouse”, as fisherman and sailors have historically used it as a navigation aid. It is said that the locals were saved from an invasion by Sir Francis Drake in 1595, as the invading navy could not covertly enter Lake Maracaibo at night due to all the bright lightning. There is even a campaign to make Catatumbo lightning a UNESCO world heritage site. The lightning is so prominent, the state of Zulia in Venezuela has included it in their flag and coat of arms. Two years ago, the storms suddenly stopped for several months, causing mass panic in the streets- I mean, on the river- I mean… um, actually the villagers in this video don’t seem to care all that much.

Earlier this month, when the moon was about 80% full, Suomi NPP passed over Lake Maracaibo at night and, sure enough, a thunderstorm was present right over the mouth of the Catatumbo River.

VIIRS I-05 image of thunderstorms near Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela taken 06:44 UTC 10 May 2012

This image, taken from the high resolution imagery IR-window channel (I-05, 11.45 µm) on 10 May 2012, shows the deep convection over Venezuela and Colombia. The largest thunderstorm near the center of the image formed along the shore of Lake Maracaibo, near the mouth of the Catatumbo River. Here’s what the DNB saw at the same time:

VIIRS Day/Night Band image of thunderstorms near Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela taken 06:44 UTC 10 May 2012

The bright, almost rectangular streaks in the image are lightning strikes. The red arrow points out a lightning strike from the Catatumbo storm – a “Catatumbo lightning” strike, if you will.

The blocky appearance of lightning is due to the fact that VIIRS is a scanning radiometer. As the instrument scans the swath of the Earth that it sees, a bright, transient flash (such as from lightning) will show up in the along-scan direction as an individual streak of light in each sensor. The DNB has 16 different sensors that scan the swath simultaneously, and since lightning typically stretches over a large enough area to be detected by all of them, you get 16 different streaks all lined up next to each other. By the time the sensors have rotated back around for the next scan, the lightning flash has ended, producing abrupt edges in the direction along the satellite track. Compare this with the DMSP Operational Linescan System, which produces much more “streaky” lightning.

In addition to the “Catatumbo lightning”, you can see several other lightning flashes in the two deepest thunderstorms over Colombia. These are far enough away from Lake Maracaibo that they probably don’t count as Catatumbo lightning.

Other interesting features can be seen in these images as well. The moon was bright enough to cast shadows in the DNB image, allowing for the detection of the overshooting tops. These match-up with the coldest brightness temperatures in the I-05 image (which show up as dark blue to pure white in this color scale). A few pixels in the largest storm over Colombia (the one with two visible lightning flashes) have managed to make it to pure white on the color scale, indicating temperatures below 190 K (-83 °C). The dark blue pixels indicate brightness temperatures between 196 and 190 K (-77 to -83 °C). Brrr.

Overshooting tops exist when the convection is so vigorous, it peaks out above the anvil of the storm and penetrates the stable layer above (which is usually the stratosphere in storms this deep). In addition to acting as an indicator for severe weather, overshooting tops are important for energy and chemical transport between the troposphere and stratosphere.

It’s also interesting to see what looks like thin cirrus over the Caribbean Sea near Panama (left center of the image) that show up in the infrared (I-05) image, but not in the DNB. Plus, a number of cold clouds over Venezuela would appear to be optically thick due to their low brightness temperatures in the infrared image (yellow starts at 245 K down to green at 214 K), but they are optically thin enough to see city lights below in the DNB image. Awesome!

Popocatépetl, the Smoking Mountain

Posted on May 11, 2012 by Curtis_Seaman

According to legend, Popocatépetl was a great warrior whose girlfriend, Iztaccíhuatl, died because her father was a jerk who lied. (An alternate story is that it was a rival warrior who was a jerk who lied.) Either way, Iztaccíhuatl was erroneously told that Popocatépetl died in battle, which caused her to die of grief. When Popoca, as he was known to his buddies, returned to find out that she was dead, he was very sad. Reports on what followed differ, but Popoca either died of grief himself, or committed suicide at the thought of living without Iztaccíhuatl. To commemorate these events, the gods turned them both into mountains. To this day, the mountain Popocatépetl spews out rock and ash and fire either because he’s still mad at what happened, or because it is his way of looking out for his girlfriend.

The name Iztaccíhuatl literally means “White Woman,” and is the name of the snow-covered mountain ~40 miles southeast of Mexico City. Popocatépetl literally means “Smoking Mountain,” and is the name given to the volcano just to the south of Iztaccíhuatl. It is one of Mexico’s most active volcanoes. Ole’ Popoca has recently begun to remind us that he is mad (or eternally vigilant).

The alert level was raised in mid-April after the volcano was heard rumbling and once again began spewing ash over the region. If you clicked on that link, you might have noticed this sentence:

“The joint NOAA-NASA Suomi NPP satellite snapped a picture of the ash cloud coming from Popocatépetl on April 16.”

Although they forgot to include the picture in the article, VIIRS on board Suomi NPP did see the ash cloud. Here’s an image of the I-01 reflectance (white = 1, black = 0) taken by VIIRS on 16 April 2012 at 20:25 UTC:

Image of Popocatépetl's ash plume from VIIRS channel I-01, 20:25 UTC 16 April 2012

Image of Popocatepetl's ash plume from VIIRS channel I-01, 20:25 UTC 16 April 2012

The ash plume is pushed to the east by the winds surrounding the cloud-covered volcano (where the arrow is pointing). On a clearer day, you can see Popocatépetl, Iztaccíhuatl, Matlacuéyatl, and the tallest volcano in Mexico, Pico de Orizaba:

False-color RGB composite (I-01, I-02 and I-03) from VIIRS taken at 19:53 UTC 23 May 2012

False-color RGB composite (I-01, I-02 and I-03) from VIIRS taken at 19:53 UTC 23 April 2012

The above image is a false-color RGB composite of VIIRS channels I-01, I-02 and I-03 taken at 19:53 on 23 April 2012. The volcanoes and nearby urban centers have been identified and labelled. Pico de Orizaba, Popocatépetl, and Iztaccíhuatl are the first, second and third tallest mountains in Mexico, respectively, and are normally the only mountains in Mexico to be snow-covered year-round. The snow on top of Pico de Orizaba and Iztaccíhuatl is clearly visible in the image. Popocatépetl lost its snow during the 1990s when it became more active. But, you can see the cloud of ash and steam from the volcano in the image, which is not being blown around in the wind as much on this day. In fact, you can watch a time-lapse video of the steam and ash cloud from a Mexican government webcam from around the time of the Suomi-NPP overpass where you can see the clouds produced/influenced by The Smoking Mountain.

On 20 April 2012, a photographer captured this amazing image of Popocatépetl’s eruption of lava at night. Being near a new moon (which occurred on 21 April), the Day/Night Band (DNB) was able to see this lava eruption:

VIIRS Day/Night Band image of the Popocatépetl eruption from 07:58 UTC 20 April 2012

VIIRS Day/Night Band image of the Popocatepetl eruption from 07:58 UTC 20 April 2012

VIIRS I-01 image of Popocatépetl taken at 19:53 UTC 23 April 2012

VIIRS I-01 image of Popocatepetl taken at 19:53 UTC 23 April 2012

In the above images, the red arrows are pointing to the same spot – the top of Popocatépetl. The upper image is from the DNB at 07:58 UTC on 20 April 2012, the lower image is from I-01 at 19:53 UTC on 23 April 2012 (the same time as the RGB composite). If you were to overlay the images on top of each other, you would see that the light source visible in the DNB image is right at the top of the volcano. Since there are no towns up there, and people surrounding the volcano have been evacuated, the light is coming from the erupting lava.

CIMSS provided these images of the volcano and ash plume at night (the same time as the DNB image above), which were visible in channels I-04 and I-05:

Image of Popocatépetl from VIIRS channel I-04, 07:58 UTC 20 April 2012 (courtesy William Straka, III / CIMSS)

Image of Popocatépetl from VIIRS channel I-05, 07:58 UTC 20 April 2012 (courtesy William Straka, III / CIMSS)

The upper image is the I-04 image. Channel I-04, at 3.74 µm, is very sensitive to hot spots such as wildfires or, in this case, volcanic eruptions. The dark (warm) spot identified is the heat signature of the molten rock that is erupting from the volcano. The cooler (brighter) ash cloud is visible in the I-04 image, but it shows up more clearly in the I-05 (11.45 µm) image underneath it.

Someone compiled a time-lapse series of images (14 April – 22 April) of Popocatépetl from a “NASA satellite” (presumably GOES-13) and posted the video to YouTube, which you can watch here.

Given its proximity to Mexico City, Popocatépetl is on the list of dangerous volcanoes to watch out for. The folks at WIRED are keeping their eye on it. Hopefully, Ole’ Popoca is just letting off a little steam, and not planning to get real violent. His girlfriend died a long time ago – it’s time to just let it go already.

Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership)

VIIRS Imagery and Visualization Team Blog

Tag Archives: I-5

Greenland Eddies and Swirls

Daniel, Emilia and Fabio, oh my!

A Wild Week of Wildfires

Catatumbo Lightning in the Day/Night Band

Popocatépetl, the Smoking Mountain