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Natural Climate Change
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Natural Climate Change
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Below is a checklist of postal items (stamps, souvenir sheets, aerogrammes, postal cards, etc.) related to natural climate change and variability. Catalog numbers, years of issue, and notes on the items featured are given when available. If readers know of additional information or images, please contact the authors using the e-mail addresses at the bottom of this page.
Philatelic items for people who contributed to climatology are found in the Climatologists and contributors to climatology page, where brief classifications of their principal climatological contributions are found. In that page the natural climate change theme is listed in green, so the user can easily find all the climatologists who contributed to the theme of natural climate change.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Ice ages | ||||
Ice AgesIce ages are major climatic events that have occurred many times in the past. In the 1920s the Serbian mathematician Milutin Milanković hypothesized that there are relationships between long-term cycles in the Earth's climate and changes in its orbital eccentricity, axial tilt and precession, and derived formulas that describe the cycles and show how they can interact so that at some times there is more sunlight striking the Earth, and at others there is less. When there is less, snow and ice can accumulate and glaciers can advance, forming an ice age. When there is more, there is warming and the ice retreats. The theory of Milanković cycles remained controversial, but a paper published in the journal Science in 1976 ("Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages" by Hayes, Imbrie and Shackleton) confirmed the basic ideas. In it, measurements from deep ocean sediment cores along with new understanding of celestial mechanics were used to show that variations in solar insolation were the main cause of the advance and retreat of ice sheets in the Quaternary period. One secondary effect of ice ages is that as the temperature decreases and the ice sheets advance, the sea level drops as some of the water is taken into the glaciers, and vice-versa.
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| Great Britain (Jersey) | 285 (Mi?) | From MS20 (285a (20x 285)) | 1982 | 16,000 BC: ice begins to retreat from the point of greatest glaciation of last ice age; sea level is at its lowest |
| Great Britain (Jersey) | 286 (Mi?) | From MS20 (286a (20x 286)) | 10,000 BC: ice continues to retreat and sea level is rising | |
| Great Britain (Jersey) | 287 (Mi?) | From MS20 (287a (20x 287)) | 7,000 BC: with continued warming, ice has retreated more and sea level has continued to rise | |
| Great Britain (Jersey) | 288 (Mi?) | From MS20 (288a (20x 288)) | 4,000 BC: Temperatures and sea level have risen to almost modern values | |
| Great Britain (Jersey) | 285-288 fdc1 | Four stamps on FDC | (As above) | |
| Great Britain (Jersey) | 285-288 fdc2 | Four stamps on FDC (different) | (As above) | |
| The seasons | ||||
| No postal items available yet | ||||
| Effect of large comets/asteroids striking the Earth | ||||
| No postal items available yet | ||||
| Solar effects | ||||
Solar EffectsThe sun provides the energy (solar radiant energy of approximately 1361 W/m2, known as the solar constant) that drives Earth's weather and climate. The solar constant is in fact not perfectly constant: there are small variations, some periodic and some aperiodic. The main periodic variation is referred to as the solar cycle, perhaps more commonly known as the 11 year sunspot cycle. It was discovered in 1843 by the German astronomer Samuel Heinrich Schwabe. Various attempts have been made to link solar variability as seen in the sunspot cycle, or longer term solar variability, with variability in Earth's climate. None have been conclusive. This table contains philatelic items that include references to the Sun or show solar images, including sunspots and other solar effects, in the general context of the Sun as the source of the Earth's energy and the driver of the Earth's climate. No attempt is made to be complete.
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| Austria | 2083 (Mi?) | 2007 | "Fire (the Sun) and Earth" (in text) | |
| Austria | 2083 black | Blackprint | ||
| Belgium | 2016 (Mi3279) i2016 | From MS10 (2016a (10x 2016)) | 2004 | "Sun-Earth relationships" |
| Belgium | 2016 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC (Liege cancel) | ||
| Belgium | 2016 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel (same) and cachet (different) on FDC (Liege cancel) | ||
| Belgium | 2016 maxi | Maxicard (Liege cancel) | ||
| Belgium | 2018 (Mi3281) i2018 | From MS10 (2018a (10x 2018)) | Sun, sunspots and schematic variations of solar energy output with time | |
| Belgium | 2018 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC (Liege cancel) | ||
| Belgium | 2018 maxi | Maxicard (Liege cancel) | ||
| Belgium | 2015-2018 fdc | Two of four stamps on FDC (Liege cancel) | (As above) | |
| Belgium | 2015-2018 fd-sheet | Two of four stamps on FD sheet (Brussels cancel) | ||
| Belgium | 2434d (Mi?) | One of strip of 5 (2434 (a-e)), or two of MS10 (2434f (2x (2434 (a-e))) | 2010 | Symbolic sun heating the Earth |
| Great Britain | Unknown a (Mi?) | From presentation pack (a-f) | 2012 | Sun seen by SOHO satellite |
| United States | None | (Mission-57) cachet on Glory and E1P and KySat-1 and Hermes launch cover back, also front | 2011 | "measure solar irradiance and its effects on Earth's long-term climate - knowing how the [sun's] electromagnetic spectrum fluctuates, scientists will understand how the sun affects the Earth's temperature". |
| Effect of continental drift | ||||
Continental Drift in a Philatelic ContextContinental drift is the movement of the Earth's land masses relative to each other over geological time periods. The geophysicist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener developed the theory starting in around 1912 and coined the term die Verschiebung der Kontinente (continental drift). The South African geologist Alexander du Toit, working more or less independently, proposed similar ideas. The climatologist Wladimir Köppen worked with Wegener to build the theory. They were convinced that the movement of continents over time could account for the geological and paleoclimatic evidence that ancient climates had been vastly different from modern ones. Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic expedition of 1908-9 had found fossilized plants and coal seams in the Beardmore Glacier area that indicated a previous warmer and wetter climate. Robert Scott's ill-fated 1912 South Pole expedition discovered fossilized leaves of glossopteris1, an extinct tree of the gymnosperm family. Similar fossils had previously been found in Africa, India, Australia and southern South America. This fact led the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914) to hypothesize in the late 19th century that those areas must formed a single land mass in the distant past (a supercontinent that he named Gondwanaland). Suess did not believe in the motion of continents, however; he thought that the separation into distinct landmasses had been caused by rising waters. (Suess is featured in Austria Scott 1454; see also a FDC and a maxicard). Scott's find gave more support to the idea of Gondwanaland and to the idea that Antarctica must have had a very different climate in the past. Other fossilized warm climate plants such as ferns1 have since been found in the polar regions. In addition, fossilized leaves of some other plants1 including the nothophagus1 tree have recently been found in Antarctica. Members of this species, known commonly as the southern beech, still grow in New Zealand, New Caledonia, southern Australia and southern South America. All these finds provide consistent support for the idea of continental drift and the resulting changes in climates of the moving landmasses. Wegener and Köppen were unable to suggest a plausible physical process that could drive continental drift, so most scientists rejected their revolutionary theory. It was only in the 1960s that geophysical understanding advanced to the point where an updated theory, known as plate tectonics, became widely accepted. It is now known that new oceanic crust is created at "spreading centres" at oceanic rifts where material from the deeper mantle flows upward and forms underwater mountain ridges. The seafloor spreads away from the ridges, which in turn forces the motion of continents. In the table below, philatelic items highlighted in pale yellow make explicit reference to climate change related to continental drift. The reference to climate change in all other items is implicit. 1Stamps depicting various finds of fossilized plants in the polar regions are included in the table below.
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| Ascension | 268 (Mi?) | 1980 | Continental drift and mid-Atlantic ridge | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 86 (Mi88) | 1982 | "Continental drift and climatic change" (in text) | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 87 (Mi89) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 88 (Mi90) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 89 (Mi91) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 90 (Mi92) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 91 (Mi93) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 86-91 fdc | Six stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 86+89 fdc | Two stamps and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 157 (Mi160) | 1990 | Fossil leaf of gymnosperm family from Antarctica | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 158 (Mi161) | Fossil fern from Antarctica | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 172 (Mi173) | 1991 | Nothofagus tree from late Cretaceous forest | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 280 (Mi293) | 1999 | Crustal microplates of west Antarctica | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 401 (Mi?) | 2008 | Fossil ferns from Snow and Alexander Islands in Antarctica | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 402 (Mi?) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 403 (Mi?) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 404 (Mi?) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 401-404 fdc | Four stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Croatia | None | Cachet on cover | 1998 | |
| Faroe Islands | 513 (Mi?) | MS6 (513 (a-f)) | 2009 | Faroe Islands geology - illustration of mid-Atlantic ridge and seafloor spreading |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C97 (Mi?) | 1987 | Continental drift | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N451 (Mi616) | 1980 | Wegener and continental drift | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N451 fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N451 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N451 sc | Cancel on souvenir card | ||
| Germany (East) | 2091 (Mi2425) | 1980 | Wegener and continental drift | |
| Germany (East) | 2091 cover | Stamp on cover | 1980 | Wegener and continental drift |
| Greenland | 533 (Mi?) | 2009 | Schizoneura carcinoides fossil conifer needles from Greenland | |
| India | 1623 (Mi?) | 1997 | Glossopteris fossil leaf from India | |
| India | 1622-1625 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Korea (North) | 3585 (Mi3881-3885) | In stamps d and e of MS5 (3585 (a-e)) | 1996 | Earth eras with continental drift illustrated from Mesozoic to Cenozoic (last two stamps) |
| Korea (North) | 3585 fdc | MS5 on FDC | ||
| Mongolia | 1145 (Mi?) | SS1 | 1980 | "Continental drift" (in text) |
| St. Vincent | 2764f (Mi?) | One of MS18 (2764 (a-r + label)) | 1999 | Wegener and continental drift |
| Somalia | 582 (Mi?) | 1987 | Somali plate and continental drift in area of East Africa, Arabian Peninsula and India, from 160 million years ago to present | |
| Somalia | 583 (Mi?) | |||
| Somalia | 584 (Mi?) | |||
| Somalia | 585 (Mi?) | |||
| Somalia | 585a (Mi?) | MS2 (584-585) | ||
| South Africa | None | (Red rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1981 | Continental drift |
| South Africa | None | (Purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1983 | Continental drift |
| South Africa | 813 (Mi828) | 1991 | du Toit and "continental drift/plate tectonics" (in maxicard text) | |
| South Africa | 813 maxi | Stamp and cancel and cachet on maxicard | ||
| South Africa | 810-813 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| South Africa | KM350 | 2.5 cents (? coin) | 2007 | |
| Tristan da Cunha | 283 (Mi?) | 1980 | Mid-Atlantic ridge | |
| Zambia | 98 (Mi101) | 1973 | Glossopteris fossil leaf from Zambia | |
| Volcanic effects | ||||
Some Major Volcanic Eruptions and their Climatic EffectsMajor volcanic eruptions have a temporary cooling effect because the material ejected into the upper atmosphere circulates some years and reflects or absorbs solar radiation, which reduces the amount of energy reaching the ground. In extreme cases, the effect can be termed a "volcanic winter". Gases and material ejected into the lower atmosphere can also have significant effects. The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a measure of the intensity of volcanic eruptions. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index. Large eruptions can affect the climate temporarily (for a few years). The eruptions described below, with VEIs of 6 or greater, had measurable effects on the climate. Philatelic items that feature those volcanoes are included in the table below. Laki (VEI 6) The eruption of Laki (in Iceland, the event is known as the Skaftáreldar, or the Skaftá fires) lasted from June 1783 to February 1784. In the second half of 1783, a persistent haze referred to as a "dry fog" (in modern terms characterized as a "stratospheric sulphate aerosol veil") covered Europe, and was observed to be the densest such fog since the eruption of another volcano, Eldgjá, in 934 AD. The following winter (1783-1784) was very cold both in Europe and in eastern North America. Benjamin Franklin, who was living in Paris at the time (he was the first American ambassador to France) saw the effects for himself and concluded that the eruption could be the cause of the dry fog and the subsequent cold weather. Several years of climate extremes followed in Europe, with the eruption as one probable cause. Tambora (VEI 7) Tambora (Indonesia) erupted in April 1815. It was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. As a result, European and North American weather was so cold that it came to be known as the "Year without Summer", during which there were crop failures, losses of livestock and an eventual food shortage and famine. Average global temperatures decreased (possibly by up to 0.7°C) after the eruption, and research has shown that 1816 was the coldest northern hemisphere year since around 1400, with the exception of 1601 (which itself followed a major volcanic eruption, that of Huaynaputina in Peru). As in Europe in 1783 after the eruption of Laki, a persistent "dry fog" occurred after the eruption of Tambora, this time over the northeastern US. China also experienced a major cold temperature period after the Tambora eruption. Krakatoa (VEI 6) Krakatoa (Indonesia) began to erupt in May 1883 and was destroyed in the final massive eruption on 27 August 1883. The material ejected into the upper atmosphere resulted in spectacular sunsets around the world, and fast-moving plumes of dust tracked by weather watchers in the low latitudes became known as the "equatorial smoke stream" and were the first hints of strong narrow currents of upper winds that came to be known as jet streams. In the year following the eruption, global temperatures are estimated to have fallen by up to 1°C, and it was called another "year without summer" in some parts of the world. The temperatures did not return to normal until several years later. Pinatubo (VEI 6) Pinatubo (Philippines) erupted massively in June 1991, with worldwide effects. The amounts of aerosols and dust ejected into the stratosphere were probably greater than in any other volcanic eruption since that of Krakatoa in 1883. It has been estimated that as a result of this eruption global average temperatures dropped by around 0.4°C. This value is within the range of normal climatic variation, but is based on global circulation models (GCMs) in which other sources of temperature variability have been removed. Stratospheric temperatures, which have less natural variability, were measured to rise after the volcano. This was due to absorption of sunlight by the dust and aerosols, which persisted for three years. Another likely effect of the eruption was an increase in stratospheric ozone destruction, caused by volcanic aerosols eventually spreading to polar latitudes and catalyzing ozone-destroying catalyzing reactions. The largest ever Antarctic ozone hole was measured at the end of 1993 by the TOMS instrument aboard Nimbus-7. It is possible that the aerosols from the Pinatubo eruption contributed to the size of that hole.
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| Iceland | 557 (Mi?) | 1983 | "Skaftáreldar 1783" (in text); 200th anniv. eruption of Laki | |
| Iceland | 557 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Indonesia | 1204 (Mi1110) | 1983 | 100th anniv. eruption of Krakatoa | |
| Indonesia | 1205 (Mi1111) | |||
| Indonesia | 2028 (Mi?) | Two of MS10 (2032a (2x 2028-2032)) | 2003 | (120th anniv. eruption of Krakatoa) |
| Indonesia | 2030 (Mi?) | Tambora | ||
| Indonesia | 2028-2029+2031 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | Krakatoa | |
| Indonesia | 2030+2032 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | Tambora | |
| Mali | 1032e (Mi2429) | One of MS9 (1032 (a-i)) | 1999 | Krakatoa |
| Micronesia | 651c (Mi?) | One of MS4 (651 (a-d)) | 2005 | Krakatoa |
| Philippines | RA1 (Mi?) | 1992 | Mt Pinatubo fund; lahar mudflow | |
| Philippines | RA2 (Mi?) | From block of 4 (RA5a (RA2-RA5)) | Mt Pinatubo fund; Pinatubo erupting | |
| Philippines | RA3 (Mi?) | Mt Pinatubo fund; cattle searching for food | ||
| Philippines | RA3+2144 cover | One of two stamps and address on cover | "Mt Pinatubo surcharge paid" (in text) | |
| Philippines | RA4 (Mi?) | From block of 4 (RA5a (RA2-RA5)) | Mt Pinatubo fund; evacuation camp | |
| Philippines | RA5 (Mi?) | Mt Pinatubo fund; clearing ash | ||
| Romania | None | Printed stamp and cachet on postal card | 2011 | Laki |
| Togo | Unknown a (Mi?) | From MS4 (a-d) | 2011 | Krakatoa |
| United Nations (New York, Geneva, and Vienna) | 636a+243a+159a fdc1 (Mi? fdc1) | One of 3 strips of 4 on FDC (636a+243a+159a) | 1993 | Volcanic eruption (in a climate change context) |
| United Nations (New York, Geneva, and Vienna) | 636a+243a+159a fdc2 (Mi? fdc2) | One of 3 strips of 4 and cachet on FDC (636a+243a+159a) | ||
| United Nations (New York, Geneva, and Vienna) | 636a+243a+159a folder | One of 3 strips of 4 on FDC folder, also folder cover | ||
| United Nations (Geneva) | 243a fdc (Mi239-242 fdc) | Cachet on FDC | 1993 | Volcanic eruption (in a climate change context) |
| United Nations (Vienna) | 159a (Mi156-159) | Strip of 4 (156-159), from MS24 (159b (6x (156-159)) | 1993 | Volcanic eruption (in a climate change context) |
| United Nations (Vienna) | 159a fdc1 | Strip of 4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| United Nations (Vienna) | 159a fdc2 | Strip of 4 on FDC | ||
| United Nations (Vienna) | 159a maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| United Nations (Vienna) | 159a maxi2 | Maxicard (different cancels) | ||
| Ocean effects | ||||
| France | Unlisted booklet (Mi?) | Booklet of 10 "Save the Oceans" personalized stamps sponsored by the Maud Fontenoy Foundation, with booklet cover | 2010 | "ocean currents move heat from the tropics to cooler regions of the globe" (in French text in one of the boxes in left margin) |
| Marshall Islands | 678 (BL24) | SS1 | 1998 | "drought brought on by El Niño" (in text) |
| Micronesia | 297 (BL40) | SS1 | 1998 | El Niño |
| Micronesia | 298 (BL41) | SS1 | ||
| New Zealand | 2172 (Mi?) | From block of 6 (2172-2177) | 2008 | The Gisborne drought depicted in the stamp was the result of the strong 1997-1998 El Niño that brought drought conditions to many parts of the western south Pacific |
| New Zealand | 2172-2177 fdc1 | One of six stamps on FDC, also back | ||
| New Zealand | 2172-2177 fdc2 | One of six stamps on FDC (different, available only in a special limited edition album, below) | ||
| New Zealand | 2172-2177_album | Limited edition album, with page containing MS5 (2177a (2172-2177)) | ||
| Peru | 1423 (Mi1938) | 2004 | Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly chart illustrating El Niño conditions; "impacts of the climatic anomalies associated [with] El Niño … such as intense precipitation and floods, drought, fires and freezes, infectious illnesses, [all] can have a much bigger duration" (in folder text) | |
| Peru | 1423 folder | FDC folder, also inside, and back | ||
| United States | None | (Printed) cachet on SeaWiFS/OrbView-2 launch cover | 1997 | Study of the role of the Earth's oceans in the carbon cycle and of the impact of phytoplankton on global climate. |
| United States | None | (Mission-57) cachet on Jason-2 launch cover, also back | 2008 | Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly chart over Pacific, probably illustrating La Niña conditions |
| Forests and climate | ||||
| Tuvalu | Unknown 1 (Mi?) | 2012 | "Plant a tree to help reduce greenhouse gases" (in text) | |
| Climate records from proxies: | ||||
| — Ice cores | ||||
| Australia | 1182 (Mi?) | 1990 | Ice coring and glaciological studies, joint Australia-Russia | |
| Australia | 1182-1183 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Australia | 1183a | On one of MS2 (1182-1183) | ||
| Australia | 1183a fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Australia + Russia | 1182-1183 + Russia 5902-5903 fdc | Dual-country FDC | 1990 | Ice coring and glaciological studies, joint Australia-Russia |
| Australia + Russia | 1182-1183+1183a + Russia 5902-5903 folder | Dual-country folder | ||
| Australian Antarctic Territory | L141 (Mi174) | 2008 | "Glaciology" (and ice coring) | |
| Belgium | B800 (Mi?) | In (lower-left) margin of SS1, also detail | 1966 | |
| Belgium | B797-B800+B800 stamp folder | SS1 in FDC folder | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 236 (Mi246) | 1996 | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 235-238 fdc1 | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 235-238 fdc2 | One of four stamps on FDC (different) | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 281 (Mi294) | 1999 | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 343 (Mi381-382) | Pair (343 (a-b)) | 2004 | Long term temperature record from EPICA Dome C ice cores |
| British Antarctic Territory | 343c | MS20 (10x (343 (a-b))) | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 342-344 fdc | One of three pairs of stamps on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 105 (Mi182) | 1984 | "Glaciologie - forage" (ice coring and glaciology) | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 106 (Mi183) | |||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C145 (Mi379) | 1998 | EPICA Dome C ice coring program (the ice cores provided a long term temperature record) | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C145 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| New Zealand | 793 (Mi891) | 1984 | ||
| New Zealand | 794a (Mi889-892) | MS4 (791-794) | ||
| New Zealand | 794a cover1 | MS4 on cover | 1985 | |
| New Zealand | 794a cover2 | MS4 on cover (different) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5902 (Mi6095) | 1990 | Ice coring and glaciological studies, joint Australia-Russia | |
| Russia (USSR) | 5902-5903 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5903a (BL213) | MS2 (5902-5903) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5903a fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Russia | 5902 cover (Mi6095 cover) | Cachet on cover, also detail | 1991 | Ice coring and glaciological studies, joint Australia-Russia |
| Russia + Australia | 5902-5903 + Australia 1182-1183 fdc | Dual-country FDC | 1990 | Ice coring and glaciological studies, joint Australia-Russia |
| Russia + Australia | 5902-5903 + Australia 1182-1183+1183a folder.jpg | Dual-country folder | ||
| Sweden | 1749 (Mi1553) | One of booklet pane of 6 (1754a (1749-1754)), with booklet cover | 1989 | "Climate changes studied in ice cores from East Greenland" (in text) |
| United States | None | Cachet on cover | 1983 | IAGP; "Forage/sondage climatopique Pôle Sud" (South Pole ice coring for climate research) |
| — Marine sediments and coring | ||||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C97 (Mi?) | 1987 | Ocean floor coring (for studies of climate and climate continental drift) | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C116 (Mi278A) iC116 (Mi278B) | One of strip of 2 (C116a (C115-C116 + label)) One of imperforate strip of 2 (iC116a (iC115-iC116 + label)) | 1991 | "Paléoclimatologie sédimentaire"; "Évolution des climats" (in cachet text) |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C116a fdc1 | One of strip of 2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C116a fdc2 | One of strip of 2 and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C116a fdc3 | One of strip of 2 and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C116a sc | Souvenir card | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 196 (Mi?) | 1994 | "Carottage en mer" (ocean floor coring) | |
| Micronesia | 296 (BL39) | In (right) margin of SS1 | 1998 | Ocean floor coring; "sea bottom sediment contains the history of the Earth's environment" |
| New Zealand | None | Personalized stamp | 2007 | ANDRILL1 program; (ocean floor sediment coring for past climate changes) |
| New Zealand | None cover | Three personalized stamps and (black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | ||
| New Zealand | None | Personalized stamp (different) | ||
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage | 2007 | ARISE (ANDRILL1 Research Immersion for Science Educators) program |
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage (different value) | ||
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage | ANDRILL1 program; "Coring for past climate changes" | |
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage (different value) | ||
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage | ANDRILL1 program; (ocean floor sediment coring for past climate changes) | |
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage (different value) | ||
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage | ||
| United States | None | (Yourstamps) personalized postage (different value) | ||
| United States | None | (Zazzle) personalized postage | 2007 | ANDRILL1 program; (ocean floor sediment coring for past climate changes) |
| United States | None | (Zazzle) personalized postage (different) | ||
| United States | None | Cachet on postcard | 2007 | ANDRILL1 program; (ocean floor sediment coring for past climate changes); "The ANDRILL1 Program drills deep into Antarctic sediments to reveal this continent's past glacial history and to predict Earth's future climate." |
| — Tree rings (dendrochronology) | ||||
| No postal items available yet | ||||
1ANDRILL (ANtarctic geological DRILLing) is a multinational project whose goal is to obtain ocean floor sediment cores from various areas around Antarctica that will help define how fast, how large, and how frequent were past glacial and interglacial climate changes in the Antarctic region.
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